Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosis & Treatment Oral & Injectable Medications An Overview of Oral Diabetes Medication By Barbie Cervoni MS, RD, CDCES, CDN facebook twitter linkedin instagram Barbie Cervoni MS, RD, CDCES, CDN, is a registered dietitian and certified diabetes care and education specialist. Learn about our editorial process Barbie Cervoni MS, RD, CDCES, CDN Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Ana Maria Kausel, MD on September 18, 2020 facebook twitter Ana Maria Kausel, MD, is double board-certified in internal medicine and endocrinology/diabetes and metabolism. She works in private practice and is affiliated with Mount Sinai St. Luke's/Mount Sinai West. Learn about our Medical Review Board Ana Maria Kausel, MD Updated on October 15, 2020 Print Table of Contents View All Biguanides Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) Sulfonylureas Meglitinides DPP-4 Inhibitors SLGT-2 Inhibitors Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors Bile Acid Sequestrants Combination Medicines It's important to know what medications you are taking for diabetes. You should know what they do, when to take them, and why you are taking them. Increasing your awareness can help you to better manage your condition and improve your overall wellness. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines state that medication choices should be based on a patient-centered approach, taking into consideration blood sugars, past medical history, age, efficacy, cost, potential side effects, effects on weight, hypoglycemia risk, and patient preferences. There is an algorithm to decide which medicines to start first, but all of this is subjective based on the actual patient. Importantly, all medicines are prescribed as an adjunct to diet and exercise—lifestyle changes are incredibly important in diabetes treatment. If you aren't aware of all the diabetes medicines out there, here is a brief overview of each one. Here's a brief overview of all the oral medications currently available to treat type 2 diabetes: Biguanides Metformin, a biguanide, has long been the standard of care in first-line type 2 diabetes treatment. Updated clinical guidelines from the ADA note that patients with certain risk factors, including cardiovascular or kidney conditions, can benefit from starting metformin plus another class of medications in combination. Medication Names: Fortmate, Glucophage, Glucophage XR, Glumetza, RiometGeneric for all: metformin What It Does & How to Take It: Inhibits the liver from releasing too much glucose (sugar).May also reduce insulin resistance (i.e., makes your body more sensitive to insulin).Take with food to prevent side effects, such as upset stomach, nausea, or diarrhea, b12 deficiency, and rare lactic acidosis. Increase dose as tolerated. Usually taken once to twice a day and is dosed 500 to 2000 milligrams (mg) daily. Potential Side Effects: Upset stomach, nausea, diarrhea, gas, headache Cost: About $4 per month Other Important Information about metformin: Can reduce A1c 1% to 1.5%May reduce some cancer risks.Can be heart-healthy. Can be used in certain people with prediabetes to help prevent type 2 diabetes. Should be started at a low dose and increased gradually to prevent side effects.If you were prescribed standard metformin and are not tolerating it, ask your healthcare provider about the extended release version which may be easier on your stomach.If you have a history of kidney, liver, or coronary heart failure, you should discuss with your physician before starting this medication.If you drink alcohol excessively, you should discuss this with your healthcare provider before starting this medicine. May also cause weight gain. May 28, 2020: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has requested that manufacturers of certain formulations of metformin voluntarily withdraw the product from the market after the agency identified unacceptable levels of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). Patients should continue taking their metformin as prescribed until their health professional is able to prescribe an alternative treatment, if applicable. Stopping metformin without a replacement can pose serious health risks to patients with type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) Actos, or pioglitazone, is a class of medicines called thiazolidinediones and can be used as a first- or second-line agent for people with diabetes. Another agent of this class, rosiglitazone (Avandia), is no longer widely available, owing to concerns of increased heart attack risk—but, it is no longer restricted. For the purpose of this article, and it's limited use, we will not discuss rosiglitazone. Medication Names: Actos (pioglitazone) What It Does & How to Take It: Works mainly on the muscle and fat cells to make the cells use insulin more efficiently. This means that glucose can enter the cells more easily. Take once daily—can be taken without regard to meals.Takes about six to eight weeks to start working and the same amount of time to leave your system. Dosing: 15, 30, 45 mg daily Potential Side Effects: May cause swelling in feet or hands from fluid retention or weight gainIncreases risk of fractures Other Important Information: Can reduce A1c to 1.5%This medication is not recommended in patients with congestive heart failure.It’s important to get routine liver function tests.Contact your health provider immediately if you have excessive weight gain or swelling in the legs, feet, or hands.If you have a history of bladder cancer or a family history of bladder cancer, you should discuss it with your healthcare provider before starting this medication. Sulfonylureas Sulfonylureas are a class of medications that have been around for a long time and are usually used as a second agent to help control mealtime blood sugars. They should be used with caution in the elderly because this population is at increased risk of developing low blood sugars. Medication Names: Amaryl (glimepiride)Diabeta, Micronase (glyburide)Glucotrol, GlucotrolXL (glipizide) What It Does & How to Take It: Works on the pancreas to release more insulin, both right after a meal and then over several hours. Regardless of whether your blood sugar is high or low, this medication will increase insulin output.Take this medication before you eat. If you skip a meal, do not take it. Usual dosing: Glipizide: 2.5 to 10 mg once or twice a day Glipizide ER: 5 to 20 mg once per day Glyburide: 2.5 to 10 mg dailyGlimepiride: 1 to 4 mg daily Potential Side Effects: These medicines can cause low blood sugar, therefore you should always carry a source of fast-acting carbohydrate with you, such as glucose tablets, juice or glucose gel.Weight gain Cost: About $4/month. Other Important Information: Can reduce A1C to 2%, but this diminishes over time. If you have had diabetes with poorly-controlled blood sugar for an extended period of time, this medication may not work well for you.Follow your meal plan and activity program. Call your healthcare provider if your blood glucose levels are consistently low. If there is an increase in your activity level or reduction in your weight or calorie intake, the dose may need to be lowered. Meglitinides Meglitinides are similar to sulfonylureas in that they work to increase insulin output, but they are shorter acting. These medicines are typically good for older patients who need help with lowering their mealtime sugars. However, they must be taken three times a day and can be hard to comply with. Medication Names: Prandin (repaglinide)Starlix (nateglinide) What It Does & How to Take It: Works on the pancreas to produce more insulin to reduce after-meal blood sugars.Take 15 to 30 minutes before the start of each meal. If you skip a meal, do not take it. Usual dosing: Repaglinide: 0.5 to 4 mg three times a dayNateglinide: 60 to 120 mg three times a day Potential Side Effects: Low blood sugar, upper respiratory infection, headache, diarrhea, weight gain Cost: Can be expensive Other Important Information: Expected to reduce A1c to 1%.If you skip meals, frequently discuss with your primary health provider as this medication may not be the one for you. DPP-4 Inhibitors DPP-4 Inhibitors are typically used as a second line agent to help lower after-meal sugars. Medication Names: Januvia (sitagliptin)Trajenta (linagliptin)Onglyza (saxagliptin)Nesina (alogliptin) What It Does & How to Take It: Increases insulin production in your pancreas when your blood sugar is high, especially after you eat.Reduces the amount of sugar made by your liver, especially after you eat, when your body doesn't need it.Take this medication once a day at any time. It only works when it comes into contact with sugar, therefore it should not increase the risk of low blood sugar. Usual dosing: Januvia: 100 mg daily unless you have kidney disease Onglyza: 5 mg daily unless you have kidney diseaseTradjenta: 5 mg daily Nesina: 25 mg daily unless you have kidney disease Potential Side Effects: Upper respiratory infection, sore throat, or a headache Cost: Expensive: Contact your insurance provider to see which medicine is the preferred agent on your plan before filling a prescription. Other Important Information: Expected to reduce A1c about 0.5% to 1%Januvia, Onglyza, and Nesina are excreted through the kidneys. People who have decreased kidney function may need to have their dose adjusted.If you have a history of kidney disease or pancreatitis, you should notify your physician as these medications may not be right for you.If you are taking other medicines that tell your pancreas to make insulin, you are at an increased risk of having a low blood sugar. SLGT-2 Inhibitors Medication Names: Canagliflozin (Invokana)Dapagliflozin (Farxiga)Empagliflozin (Jardiance) What It Does & How to Take It: Works with your kidneys to help remove excess glucose (sugar) from your body when you urinate.Take before your first meal of the day. Using dosing: Canagliflozin: 100 to 300 mg in the morning unless you have kidney diseaseDapagliflozin: 5 or 10 mg in the morning Empagliflozin: 10 to 25 mg in the morning Potential Side Effects: Urinary tract infection or yeast infections, dehydrationCanagliflozin may cause an increased risk of bladder cancer and amputationsEuglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (with normal glucose <250) is a potential side effect of the drug class Cost: Can be expensive: Contact your insurance provider to see which medicine is the preferred agent on your plan before filling a prescription. Other Important Information: Expected to reduce A1c about 0.5% to 0.7%In contrast to other medications, they can be added on with similar efficacy as a third or forth agent.Yields an approximate 2 to 3 kilogram (kg), or 4.4 to 6.6 pound (lb), weight loss over the course of a year.Lipids: Increased HDL (healthy cholesterol), LDL (bad cholesterol), and decreased triglyceride (strongest lipid effect with Canagliflozin)Discuss with your healthcare provider if you have a history of kidney disease before taking this medication. Dapaglifozin and empaglifozin have shown cardiovascular protection benefit and may reduce the rate of kidney disease. Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors Medication Names: Glyset (miglitol)Precose (acarbose) What It Does & How to Take It: Inhibits the breakdown of starches, thereby reducing blood sugars.Take with the first bite of each meal. Usually taken three times per day. Usual dosing: Acarbose: 25 mg three times a day; can increase to 50 or 100 mg with meals as toleratedMiglitol: 25 mg three times a day; can increase to 50 or 100 mg with meals as tolerated Potential Side Effects: Gas, diarrhea, abdominal pain, rash Cost: Relatively inexpensive Other Important Information: A history of inflammatory bowel disease, GI obstruction, or other malabsorption syndromes is a contraindication for these drugs.If you experience low blood sugar (anything less than 70 mg/dL), you must treat it with glucose tablets or skim milk, as the breakdown of other sugar sources is too slow.May help people to eat fewer carbohydrates. Bile Acid Sequestrants These are not typical diabetes medicines. While these drugs are usually used to reduce LDL (bad) cholesterol, they can also help to reduce A1c. What It Does and How to Take It: It reduces glucose absorption. Usual dosing: 3.75g (either taken as a powder mixture or six tablets) Potential Side Effects: Constipation, nausea, and indigestion Cost: Can be expensive Other Important Information: Expected to reduce A1c to about 0.5%Welchol is contraindicated in individuals with a history of bowel obstruction, those with serum triglyceride (TG) concentrations of >500 mg/dL, or with a history of hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis.Welchol may decrease the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K. Patients on vitamin supplements should take their vitamins at least four hours prior to Welchol. Combination Medicines To simplify things and increase compliance, many medicines have been combined together. If you are taking metformin and another agent but typically forget to take all your medicines, a combination medicine may be good for you. Ask your physician about the following combination oral medicines: Actoplus Met (pioglitazone metformin)Avandamet (rosiglitazone maleate-metformin hydrochloride)Avandaryl (rosiglitazone glimepiride)Duetact (pioglitazone glimepiride)Glucovance (glyburide metformin hydrochloride)Glyxambi (jardiance/tradjenta)Invokamet (canagliflozin/metformin HCl)Janumet (sitagliptin/metformin HCl)Janumet XR Jentadueto (linagliptin/metformin HCl)Juvisync (sitagliptin and Simvastatin)Kazano (alogliptin/metformin)Kombiglyze XR (saxagliptin/metformin)Metaglip (glipizide/metformin)Oseni (alogliptin/pioglitazone)Synjardy (metformin/empagliflozin)Xigudo XR (dapagliflozin/metformin HCl) Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! We know healthy eating is key to help manage diabetes, but that doesn't make it easy. Our free nutrition guide is here to help. Sign up and receive your free copy! Sign Up You're in! Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. There was an error. Please try again. What are your concerns? Other Inaccurate Hard to Understand Submit Article Sources Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. American Diabetes Association. 9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2020. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(Suppl 1):S98-S110. doi:10.2337/dc20-S009 Doyle-Delgado K et al. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment of type 2 diabetes: Synopsis of the 2020 American Diabetes Association's standards of medical care in diabetes clinical guideline. Ann Intern Med 2020 Sep 1; [e-pub]. Additional Reading American Diabetes Association. What are my options? November 16, 2014. Inzucchi S, Bergenstal R, Buse J, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach position statement of the american diabetes association (ADA) and the european association for the study of diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. November 15, 2014. doi:10.2337/dc12-0413