ANA-Negative Lupus Symptoms and Tests

As someone who may be wondering if you or a loved one has systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus), you may have discovered or heard the term ANA-negative lupus bandied about in forums or among peers. If so, you may be wondering what, exactly, is ANA-negative lupus. And better still, does ANA-negative lupus exist?

In simplest terms, ANA-negative lupus is a condition in which a person’s ANA—or antinuclear antibody—test comes back negative, but the person exhibits traits consistent with someone diagnosed with lupus. The ANA test is used to screen for lupus, not diagnose it.

Typically, if a person tests positive for the antinuclear antibody, it means only that the person could have lupus. Further tests are needed to determine if a person actually has lupus. Those include tests for Sm (Smith), Ro/SSA (Sjogren's syndrome A), La/SSB (Sjogren's syndrome B), and RNP (ribonucleoprotein) antibodies.

If the ANA test comes back negative, then lupus cannot be present, and usually, no further testing is needed.

But in rare instances, some patients exhibit traits consistent with lupus, specifically these four, which unequivocally diagnose SLE:

• High titer anti-double-stranded DNA antibody
• Anti-Sm (Smith) antibody
• Biopsy-proven kidney disease
• Biopsy-proven skin disease

If not all four, than any diagnosis is presumptive. It is presumed the patient has lupus even if the ANA test comes back negative.

But wait …

The general consensus is that ANA-negative lupus is very rare—and is more a term given to patients with “lupus-like” disease. Some physicians might call it “mixed connective tissue disease,” “undifferentiated connective tissue disease,” or “forme fruste lupus”—or “hidden lupus.” Each has specific and separate meaning and describes different forms of illness.

Put another way, physician Michael D. Lockshin, MD, writes: "The answer to the question, ‘Does ANA-negative lupus exist?’ is technically ‘yes,’ with a large number of buts, and ifs, and whens. Another answer is that the question is not very important. It is never critical to say definitively that a given patient does or does not have lupus. What is important is to evaluate the current symptoms, to put the symptoms into an overall context that includes blood tests, duration of symptoms, other illnesses, and medications, and to develop a treatment plan based on the total information rather than on a blood test alone."