What Causes Blood Clots in Stool?

There are many different reasons for blood clots in stool, some of which are more serious than others. Though blood clots in stool are invariably the result of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, the bleeding might be from the upper GI tract (including the esophagus and stomach) or the lower GI tract (including the colon and rectum).

The possible causes can range from readily treated conditions like hemorrhoids and anal fissures to potentially devastating ones like ulcerative colitis and colon cancer.

This article explores the possible causes of blood clots in stool, including how different conditions cause different types of blood clots. It also explains how the conditions are treated and when it is time to see a healthcare provider.

Types of Blood Clots in Stool

A blood clot is a gel-like clump of blood, also known as a thrombus. Blood clots are beneficial as they stop bleeding from a cut or injury. But when clots are found in your stool, it is an indication of internal bleeding that may be mild or severe.

Blood clots from GI bleeding can vary in appearance, providing clues as to the underlying cause. Among the key differences:

• Dark or tarry clots indicate bleeding in the upper GI tract. This is because the iron content in the blood reacts to oxygen and gets darker and darker as it moves through the intestines.
• Bright red or maroon clots Indicate bleeding in the lower GI tract. This is because blood from the lower portion of the intestine has less time to oxidize and, as a result, will appear redder.
• Larger blood clots are worrisome simply because it suggests there is more bleeding. (This shouldn't suggest that small clots are of no concern, particularly if there are many.)
• Blood clots with mucus are suggestive of a more serious medical condition such as an infection, an inflammatory disease, or cancer.

What Causes Blood Clots in Stool?

There are several medical conditions that can cause blood clots in your stool. Although some of these conditions will resolve on their own without treatment, it is important to see a specialist known as a gastroenterologist if the bleeding is severe or persistent.

Hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids are swollen and inflamed veins in the anus and lower rectum. Hemorrhoids can result from straining during bowel movements or lifting heavy objects.

Hemorrhoids can develop internally (in the rectum) or externally (around the anus), causing pain, rectal bleeding, and typically bright red clots.

Anal Fissures

Anal fissures are small tears inside the anus. They are often caused by straining during bowel movements with constipation. Persistent diarrhea can also cause fissures The blood from anal fissures is typically bright red and may be accompanied by bright red clots.

Gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis is an infection in the stomach or intestines caused by a virus or bacteria, such as norovirus or Salmonella. When severe, gastroenteritis can lead to bloody vomit and bloody diarrhea as well as multiple dark red or tarry blood clots (depending on where the infection is located).

Peptic Ulcer Disease

Peptic ulcers are open sores in the lining of the stomach. They are commonly the result of H. pylori infection or the overuse of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs). Symptoms include nausea, cramping, indigestion, and gnawing stomach pain. Bleeding can be profuse and cause dark or tarry stools and blood clots.

Diverticular Disease

Diverticular disease is a medical condition that occurs when small pouches form in the colon and push outward through weak spots. Diverticulosis can sometimes cause significant bleeding, producing blood clots that range from bright red to maroon in color.

Ischemic Colitis

Ischemic colitis is an injury of the colon caused by impaired or obstructed blood flow. The condition is most commonly seen in older adults with a history of atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). Symptoms include abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea, which may be accompanied by bright red or maroon clots.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to two related but distinct inflammatory diseases of the colon:

• Crohn's disease: A milder form in which there are localized areas of inflammation
• Ulcerative colitis: A severe form in which there is continuous inflammation

Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and a constant urge to have a bowel movement. IBD can also cause mucusy stools with small red to maroon clots.

Colon Cancer

Colon cancer can cause dark or tarry stools when the disease is advanced. Most start as noncancerous polyps that can also bleed as they get larger.

The bleeding occurs when blood vessels quickly form to "feed" the growing tumor. As the tumor increases in size, the fragile vessels can burst, causing bloody stools, often with mucus and/or bright or dark red clots (depending on the location of the tumor).

When to See a Healthcare Provider

Symptoms of blood clots in the stool should be evaluated by a healthcare provider, particularly when sudden or severe.

Although many causes of GI bleeding do not cause significant loss of blood, it is possible to lose blood quickly if there is a large rupture (such as might occur with a severe peptic ulcer or bowel perforation due to diverticulosis).

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of blood clots in stools typically involves a review of your medical history and a physical exam. Based on the findings, other tests may be ordered, including:

• Stool culture: A lab test that checks for bacteria, viruses, and other germs in a sample of stool
• Blood testing: Including tests that can detect signs of infection, inflammation, or anemia
• Colonoscopy: A minimally invasive test in which a narrow fiber-optic scope is inserted into the anus to examine the colon
• Abdominal computed tomography (CT): An imaging test that composites multiple X-rays to create three-dimensional images of the digestive organs

Related Symptoms

Depending on the location of the GI bleeding, related symptoms might include:

• Hematemesis: Bloody vomit
• Hematochezia: Bright red blood in stools from lower GI bleeding
• Melena: Dark, tarry stools caused by bleeding in the upper GI tract
• Fecal urgency: A sensation that you need to defecate even when the bowels are empty
  

Summary

GI bleeding is a common symptom of many different medical conditions, including hemorrhoids, anal fissures, diverticular disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and more.

Always tell your healthcare provider if you are experiencing new or unexplained blood in your stool. They can do blood tests, stool tests, a colonoscopy, or a CT scan to determine the cause. Treatments vary depending on the cause.