HIV in Heterosexual Couples

Who is at greater risk?

Updated May 19, 2017
Couple in bed
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The transmission and acquisition of HIV from vaginal intercourse are high in cases of condom-less sex, both in women and men. While the risk tends to be higher among women due to biologic vulnerability (including the greater mass of mucosal tissues which HIV can breach), men are also at risk with everything from concurrent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) to circumcision status adding to that risk.

Transmission Risk in Women

HIV can be found in the blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid ("pre-cum"), or vaginal fluid of a person infected with the virus. The lining of the vagina can tear and allow HIV to enter the body, as well as through absorption of HIV through the mucous membranes that line the vagina and cervix.

When HIV is exposed to these tissues, the localized infection is attacked by first-line immune cells, including macrophage and dendritic cells. The activation of these cells sparks a reaction from the immune system in which specialized defensive cells, including CD4 and CD8 T-cells, are spurred to the fight. Ironically, it is the CD4 cells that HIV preferentially targets for infection. If this occurs and the first-line defense are unable to contain the HIV invaders, an exposure becomes more than just an exposure. It becomes an infection.

Transmission Risk in Men

Through the male is at somewhat less risk for HIV than his female sexual partner, HIV can enter either through his urethra (the opening at the tip of the penis) or through small cuts or open sores on the penis.

Additionally, men who are uncircumcised tend to be more vulnerable to HIV than men who are circumcised. The bacterial population that exists beneath a foreskin can thrive due to the moist environment. The immune system naturally responds by triggering a modest immune defense to keep an infection at bay.

Again, ironically, CD4 cells can be called to the front lines of defense, making transmission all the easier.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Sexually transmitted diseases work more or less in the same way. Beyond open ulcerative sores that can facilitate an easy route into the bloodstreams (from STDs like syphilis or herpes simplex), other infections spur a localized immune response, exponentially increasing the likelihood of HIV transmission or acquisition well beyond what might occur if there way no HIV.

Preventing HIV Transmission

If you choose to have vaginal intercourse, use a latex condom to protect both you and your partner from the risk of HIV and other STDs. Studies have shown that latex condoms are very effective in when used correctly and consistently. If either partner is allergic to latex, plastic (polyurethane) condoms for either the male or female can be used. (Avoid lambskin condoms which do not offer protection from HIV and STDs).

Additionally, partners can significantly reduce the HIV by two additions preventive strategies:

  • Any HIV-negative partner, male or female, can opt to take HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), a daily antiretroviral tablet which can reduce the risk of acquiring HIV from anywhere from 70-90%. Learn more about how to use Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP).

Sources:

Liu, C.; Hungate, B.; Tobian, A.; et al. "Male Circumcision Significantly Reduces Prevalence and Load of Genital Anaerobic Bacteria." mBio. February 15, 2013; 4(2): e00076-13.

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). "Vital Signs: HIV Prevention Through Care and Treatment - United States." Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). December 2, 2011; 60(47):1618-1623.

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). "Interim Guidance for Clinicians Considering the Use of Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection in Heterosexually Active Adults." Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). August 10, 2012; 61(31):586-589.