Heart Health Heart Disease Palpitations & Arrhythmias The Cardiac Electrical System and How the Heart Beats By Richard N. Fogoros, MD facebook linkedin Richard N. Fogoros, MD, is a retired professor of medicine and board-certified internal medicine physician and cardiologist. Learn about our editorial process Richard N. Fogoros, MD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Yasmine S. Ali, MD, MSCI on April 16, 2020 facebook twitter linkedin Yasmine S. Ali, MD, MSCI, is a board-certified preventive cardiologist and lipidologist. Dr. Ali is also an award-winning writer. Learn about our Medical Review Board Yasmine S. Ali, MD, MSCI Updated on October 15, 2020 Print The electrical system of the heart is critical to how it functions. It determines heart rate (how fast the heart is beating) and also coordinates and organizes the beating of the heart muscles, so that the heart works efficiently with each heartbeat. Abnormalities in the heart’s electrical system can cause heart rate to be too fast or too slow or entirely disrupt the normal functioning of the heart—even if the heart’s muscles and valves themselves are entirely normal. Talking about the cardiac electrical system and abnormal heart rhythms can be very confusing. When we talk about heart disease, many people think of blocked coronary arteries that can result in a heart attack or the need for bypass surgery. Yet, problems with the electrical system may occur even if your heart muscle is normal. It's helpful to picture your heart as a house and the cardiac electrical system as the wiring that provides power throughout the structure. It's possible to have problems related to faulty wiring even if the building itself is completely normal. Likewise, your heart could be normal but an electrical problem may occur causing an abnormal heart rhythm. Heart disease can lead to abnormalities in your heart's electrical system, much as a house damaged in a tornado or flood might have problems with the electrical system. In fact, damage to the electrical system of the heart is often the cause of sudden death with a heart attack, even if the damage to the heart caused by the heart attack is only mild or moderate. This is one of the reasons behind performing CPR and having access to defibrillators. If the heart rhythm can be restored, some of these heart attacks (and other causes of arrhythmias) are survivable. Let's take a look at how the cardiac electrical system works to make your heart beat, as well as medical conditions which can affect your pulse. 1 Introduction to the Cardiac Electrical Signal Encyclopaedia Britannica/UIG/Getty Images The heart generates its own electrical signal (also called an electrical impulse), which can be recorded by placing electrodes on the chest. This is called an electrocardiogram (ECG, or EKG). The cardiac electrical signal controls the heartbeat in two ways. First, since each electrical impulse generates one heartbeat, the number of electrical impulses determines the heart rate. And second, as the electrical signal "spreads" across the heart, it triggers the heart muscle to contract in the correct sequence, thus coordinating each heartbeat and assuring that the heart works as efficiently as possible. The heart's electrical signal is produced by a tiny structure known as the sinus node, which is located in the upper portion of the right atrium. (The anatomy of the heart's chambers and valves includes two atria at the top of the heart with two ventricles at the bottom.) From the sinus node, the electrical signal spreads across the right atrium and the left atrium (the top two chambers of the heart), causing both atria to contract, and to push their load of blood into the right and left ventricles (the bottom two chambers of the heart). The electrical signal then passes through the AV node to the ventricles, where it causes the ventricles to contract in turn. 2 Components of the Cardiac Electrical Signal Fogoros Figure 1: The components of the heart's electrical system including the sinus node (SN) and atrioventricular node (AV node) are illustrated here. From an electrical standpoint, the heart can be thought of as being divided into two portions: the atria (upper chambers) and the ventricles (lower chambers). Separating the atria from the ventricles is an area of fibrous tissue (labeled AV disc in the figure). This non-conductive tissue prevents the passage of the electrical signal between the atria and the ventricles outside of the AV node. In this figure: SN = sinus node AVN = AV node RA = right atrium LA = left atrium RV = right ventricle LV = left ventricle TV = tricuspid valve (the valve that separates the right atrium from the right ventricle) MV = mitral valve (the valve that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle) 3 The Cardiac Electrical Signal Spreads Across the Atria Fogoros Figure 2: The electrical impulse originates in the sinus node. From there, it spreads across both atria (indicated by the blue lines in the picture), causing the atria to contract. This is referred to as "atrial depolarization." As the electrical impulse passes through the atria, it generates the so-called "P" wave on the ECG. (The P wave is indicated by the solid red line on the ECG off to the left side). Sinus bradycardia ("brady" means slow) is the most common cause of a low heart rate and is caused by the SA node firing at a reduced rate. Sinus tachycardia ("tachy" means fast) refers to a rapid heart rate and can be caused by the SA node firing at an increased rate. 4 The Cardiac Electrical Signal Reaches the AV Node Fogoros Figure 3: When the wave of electricity reaches the AV disc, it is stopped, except in the AV node. The impulse travels through the AV node at a slow, controlled rate toward the ventricles. The solid red line on the ECG in this figure indicates the PR interval. 5 The Cardiac Electrical Signal Passes to the Ventricles Fogoros Figure 4: The specialized AV conduction system consists of the AV node (AVN), the "His bundle," and the right and left bundle branches (RBB and LBB). The AV node conducts the electrical impulse to the His bundle (pronounced "hiss"). The His bundle passes the signal to the right and left bundle branches. The right and left bundle branches, in turn, send the electrical impulse to the right and left ventricles, respectively. The figure also shows that the LBB itself splits into the left anterior fascicle (LAF) and the left posterior fascicle (LPF). Because the impulse travels only very slowly through the AV node, there is a pause in the electrical activity on the ECG, referred to as the PR interval. (The PR interval is illustrated on the ECG in Figure 3.) This "pause" in the action allows the atria to contract fully, emptying their blood into the ventricles before the ventricles begin to contract. Problems anywhere along this route can cause abnormalities in the ECG (and heart rhythm). AV block (heart block) is one of the two major causes of a low heart rate (bradycardia). There are different degrees, with third-degree heart block the most severe and usually requiring a pacemaker. Bundle branch block occurs in either the right bundle branch or left bundle branch, with those in the left bundle branch usually most serious. Bundle branch blocks may occur for no apparent reason but often occur when the heart is damaged due to a heart attack or other cardiac conditions. A left bundle branch block from a heart attack is an important cause of sudden cardiac death. 6 The Cardiac Electrical Signal Spreads Across the Ventricles Fogoros Figure 5: This figure shows the electrical impulse spreading throughout the right and left ventricles, causing these chambers to contract. As the electrical signal travels through the ventricles, it generates the “QRS complex” on the ECG. The QRS complex is indicated by the solid red line on the ECG to the left. In this manner, the electrical system of the heart causes the heart muscle to contract and send blood to either the organs of the body (via the left ventricle) or to the lungs (via the right ventricle). Bottom Line From the initiation of a heartbeat in the SA node, through contraction of the ventricles, the cardiac electrical system causes the heart to contract in a coordinated manner, maximizing the efficiency of the beating heart. Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! Did you know the most common forms of heart disease are largely preventable? Our guide will show you what puts you at risk, and how to take control of your heart health. Sign Up You're in! Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. There was an error. Please try again. What are your concerns? Other Inaccurate Hard to Understand Submit Article Sources Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. John Hopkins Medicine. Anatomy and function of the heart's electrical system. 2019. Glover BM, Brugada P. Clinical handbook of cardiac electrophysiology. Springer; 2016. Klabunde, RE. Cardiac cycle - atrial contraction (phase 1). Cardiovascular Physiology Topics. Updated December 9, 2016. Cadogan, M. PR interval. Updated March 16, 2019. Da costa D, Brady WJ, Edhouse J. Bradycardias and atrioventricular conduction block. BMJ. 2002;324(7336):535-8. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7336.535. Mitchell, LB. Bundle branch block. Merck manual (consumer version). Updated July 2019. ACLS Medical Training. The basics of ECG. 2019. Additional Reading Crawford MH, Bernstein SJ, Deedwania PC, et al. Acc/Aha Guidelines For Ambulatory Electrocardiography: Executive Summary And Recommendations. A Report Of The American College Of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force On Practice Guidelines (Committee To Revise The Guidelines For Ambulatory Electrocardiography). Circulation. 24 Aug 1999;100:886–893. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.100.8.886 Fogoros RN, Mandrola JM. Disorders of the Heart Rhythm: Basic Principles. In: Fogoros’ Electrophysiologic Testing. Wiley Blackwell, 6th edition, 2017.