NEWS Health News New Technology Can Measure Glucose Levels in Sweat, No Needles Required By Cyra-Lea Drummond, BSN, RN Cyra-Lea Drummond, BSN, RN Facebook LinkedIn Cyra-Lea Drummond, BSN, RN, is a writer and nurse specializing in heart health and cardiac care. Learn about our editorial process Published on November 08, 2021 Fact checked Verywell Health content is rigorously reviewed by a team of qualified and experienced fact checkers. Fact checkers review articles for factual accuracy, relevance, and timeliness. We rely on the most current and reputable sources, which are cited in the text and listed at the bottom of each article. Content is fact checked after it has been edited and before publication. Learn more. by Angela Underwood Fact checked by Angela Underwood LinkedIn Angela Underwood's extensive local, state, and federal healthcare and environmental news coverage includes 911 first-responder compensation policy to the Ciba-Geigy water contamination case in Toms River, NJ. Her additional health-related coverage includes death and dying, skin care, and autism spectrum disorder. Learn about our editorial process Share Tweet Email Print martin-dm / Getty Images Key Takeaways New technology may allow individuals with diabetes to check their glucose without a painful needle stick or sensor that remains embedded beneath the skin.This technology is evolving and still requires further development, but it may have other applications in the future. Researchers at Penn State University have developed a new technology that can measure glucose through sweat instead of blood, eliminating the need for a needlestick. Their advancement could be valuable to individuals with diabetes, who must monitor their blood sugar several times a day. The low-cost, non-invasive device attaches to the skin and measures glucose levels within a matter of seconds to minutes, depending upon climate conditions, the amount of sweat excreted, and an individual’s pH levels. Why It's Important to Monitor Glucose Levels How Does the Device Work? Researchers started with laser-induced graphene (LIG), a material with high electrical conductivity. Because LIG is not sensitive to glucose, the team combined nickel, which is sensitive to glucose, and gold, to reduce allergic reactions to the nickel. Finally, developers added a microfluid chamber, which allows the sweat to pass between the skin and the sensor, avoiding irritation to the skin. Sweat or other biofluids can have varying pH, which affects the glucose reading, so researchers integrated another pH sensor with the chemical carbachol for calibrating the effect from pH. This way, the sensor can stimulate small, ongoing amounts of sweat, allowing the sensor to perform continuous glucose monitoring. Normal variations can incorrectly skew the results of your reading. What is Continuous Glucose Monitoring? Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors are inserted and left beneath the skin to give uninterrupted blood sugar readings. CGM eliminates the need for routine finger sticks to check blood sugars and allows individuals with diabetes to know their glucose readings at any given moment and make adjustments in real-time. “With a carbachol sensor in place, you don’t need to worry about pH or sweat variation among people or weather,” Huanyu (Larry) Cheng, PhD, assistant professor of engineering science and mechanics at Penn State and researcher, told Verywell. Manage Your Diabetes With Wearable Tech How Reliable Is Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring? Cheng admits this technology needs improvement before it is ready for widespread use. For instance, glucose can take several minutes to travel between blood and sweat, so non-invasive glucose monitoring is not a good option when immediate results are needed, such as in a diabetic emergency. Mark Cucuzzella MD, FAAFP, professor at the West Virginia University School of Medicine, WVU Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Health, told Verywell via email that there are many potential advantages to non-invasive glucose monitoring. “Non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring is the present and future of diabetes as well as pre-diabetes care,” Cucuzzella said. “People see the effects of foods on their blood sugar immediately and can make adjustments to stabilize it...Continuous glucose monitoring benefits anybody who has any issue with carbohydrate intolerance as they can tailor their eating and exercise to achieve stable normal blood sugars. It is also incredibly helpful when reducing diabetes medications safely.” Continuous Glucose Monitoring: Weighing the Pros and Cons More testing is still necessary before non-invasive glucose monitoring becomes widespread. “This technology is novel and needs further testing before it can replace interstitial fluid and the current continuous glucose monitors that are FDA approved," Cucuzella said. "If the device is properly inserted and accurate, there really is no pitfall. The current continuous glucose monitors are small and non-invasive. There is no risk of infection or any adverse reaction to the monitor itself." What This Means For You While this new technology isn't available just yet, it could be in the future—making it easier to track your glucose levels. For now, there are other CGM products available on the market. Other Uses for Non-invasive Sweat Testing As this technology improves, researchers are hopeful they can expand it to measure other common health indicators. “We are really happy and excited about the result, not only for the glucose readings, but we will be able to extend the application to other biomarkers like cortisones, cytokines, sodium, potassium, and iron concentrations," Cheng said. What Blood Glucose Meter Is Right for You? Being able to rapidly measure some of these metrics can have many benefits. For example, rapidly measuring electrolytes like sodium and potassium could be valuable for athletes performing in warm weather. Measuring cortisone levels could help determine someone's current stress response, and cytokine levels can be an indication of infection. Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! Sign up for our Health Tip of the Day newsletter, and receive daily tips that will help you live your healthiest life. Sign Up You're in! Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. There was an error. Please try again. What are your concerns? Other Inaccurate Hard to Understand Submit 1 Source Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. Zhu J, Liu S, Hu Z et al. Laser-induced graphene non-enzymatic glucose sensors for on-body measurements. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2021;193:113606. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2021.113606