Anatomy Bones The Anatomy of the Femur The thigh bone is the largest in the body By Rod Brouhard, EMT-P Rod Brouhard, EMT-P Facebook LinkedIn Twitter Rod Brouhard is an emergency medical technician paramedic (EMT-P), journalist, educator, and advocate for emergency medical service providers and patients. Learn about our editorial process Updated on March 17, 2022 Medically reviewed Verywell Health articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and healthcare professionals. These medical reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. Learn more. by Elizabeth Molina Ortiz, MD, MPH Medically reviewed by Elizabeth Molina Ortiz, MD, MPH LinkedIn Elizabeth Molina Ortiz, MD, MPH, is a board-certified specialist in family medicine and is the former medical director of a community health center. 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Learn about our editorial process Print The femur is the largest and strongest bone in the human body.It is commonly known as the thigh bone (femur is Latin for thigh) and reaches from the hip to the knee. The femur is extremely hard and not easy to break. A broken thigh bone is one of the few simple fractures that can be considered life-threatening because it can cause significant internal bleeding. This article discusses the function and structure of the thigh bone, as well as information about conditions that can affect it. Anatomy There are four types of bones in your body: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. The femur—the only bone in the upper leg—is a long bone. Longer than they are wide, this type of bone has spongy bone tissue at both ends and a cavity filled with bone marrow in the shaft. The end of the thigh bone closest to the heart (proximal end) is called the femoral head. This is the ball part of the ball-and-socket hip joint. Below the head of the femur is the neck and the greater trochanter. The greater trochanter attaches to tendons that connect to the gluteus minimus and the gluteus medius muscles. These muscles pull the leg to help with walking and running. Below the greater trochanter is the lesser trochanter, situated at the base of the neck of the femur. The lesser trochanter is the part of the femur attached to a pair of muscles that help flex the thigh to lift the leg forward. Below the lesser trochanter is the gluteal tuberosity, which is where the gluteus maximus is attached. The main shaft of the femur is known as the body. The distal end of the femur (the end furthest from the heart) is where it connects with the patella (knee cap) and the bones of the lower leg (the tibia and fibula). This end of the femur has a saddle that rests on the top of the tibia. It has rounded edges on either side of the knee joint, known as the condyles. The depression between the condyles is called the patellar groove. Inside the body of the femur is the medullary cavity, which contains bone marrow. At the ends of the femur are areas of compact bone, which is solid and does not contain marrow. Surrounding the compact bone is spongy bone, which has lots of small cavities dispersed throughout it. The neck and head of the femur are made up of spongy bone. Function The femur supports the weight of the body on the leg. All other leg bones are attached to the bottom portion of the femur. But the femur isn't just for moving the body. There is both yellow and red bone marrow in the shaft of the femur, and they play a critical role in producing blood cells and storing fat. Blood flow in the femur is hard to measure. It is a significant amount, so much so that a needle inserted into the spongy bone can be used to infuse enough fluid into the bloodstream to offset shock or dehydration. Associated Conditions Even though the femur is the strongest bone in the body, it can still be affected by certain conditions, such as fractures, dislocation, and more. Fractures and Dislocation Fractures are the most common femur injuries.Though it takes a lot of force to break a femur, certain areas of the bone are more susceptible to fracture than others. Verywell / Cindy Chung In younger people, femur fractures are usually the result of motor vehicle accidents or other high-impact collisions. In seniors, where bone density has weakened with age, a fall may be responsible. In some older people, a fall-related fracture may involve both the femur and the hip. A broken thigh bone usually requires surgery to repair it. Hip dislocation occurs when the head of the femur is pulled away from the acetabulum, the socket in which the head of the femur rests. Without an X-ray, it can be hard to tell if the head or neck of the femur is broken, or if it has dislocated from the hip bone. Depending on how serious the injury is, you could need surgery. Less Common Conditions Bursitis can affect any joint in the body, including the hip and knee. It occurs when the bursa—a small sack of fluid that helps with movement in joints—becomes inflamed. This can happen due to injury, infection, or overuse. Femoral anteversion is a condition that appears in childhood. It happens when the femur bones are rotated inward, leading to inward positioning of the knees and toes. Legg Calve Perthes disease is a rare childhood disease of the hip joint. It affects blood flow to the head of the femur. A lack of blood causes the bone tissue to die, a condition known as osteonecrosis. Over time, the bone will regrow, but may have a different shape. It may not fit into the hip as it did before, which could lead to osteoarthritis. Rehabilitation Femur fractures generally require surgical repair followed by several weeks of rehabilitation and physical therapy. Dislocations of the hip could require surgery depending on how severe the dislocation is. Physical therapy (PT) is almost always required. What to Expect from PT Summary The femur is an important bone in the leg and is critical to how the body moves at the hip. Even though it is the strongest bone in the body, it is not immune to injury. Femoral fractures hip dislocations and other conditions can be very serious if left untreated and can have a long-term impact on movement. Frequently Asked Questions What is the significance of a short femur length in pregnancy? During pregnancy, a baby's femur is usually measured during an ultrasound. Most of the time, a short femur is just a normal difference. In some cases, it could indicate a condition such as placental insufficiency or Down syndrome. Learn More: What Is Down Syndrome? How difficult is it to break your femur? It's usually very difficult since the femur is such a strong bone. Fractures are usually caused by a high-impact injury, such as falling from a height or a car accident. A fracture caused by a low-impact hit may indicate weaker bones due to a medical condition, such as osteoporosis. Learn More: Overview of Osteoporosis How long does it take a broken femur to heal? It usually takes about three to six months for a break in the femur shaft to completely heal. It may take longer if it's broken in more than one place. Learn More: Treating a Femur Fracture Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! Sign up for our Health Tip of the Day newsletter, and receive daily tips that will help you live your healthiest life. Sign Up You're in! Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. There was an error. Please try again. What are your concerns? Other Inaccurate Hard to Understand Submit 17 Sources Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. Noussios G, Theologou K, Chouridis P, Karavasilis G, Alafostergios G, Katsourakis A. A rare morphological study concerning the longest bone of the human anatomy in the population of the northern greece. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research. 2019;11(11):740-744. doi: 10.14740/jocmr3986 UpToDate. Midshaft femur fractures in adults. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Long bones. National Cancer Institute. Bone marrow. Petitpas F, Guenezan J, Vendeuvre T, Scepi M, Oriot D, Mimoz O. Use of intra-osseous access in adults: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):102. doi:10.1186/s13054-016-1277-6 AlTurki AA, AlAqeely KS, AlMugren TS, AlZimami IS. Analysis of femoral fracture post motor vehicle accidents. Saudi Medical Journal. 2019;40(1):41-44. doi: 10.15537/smj.2019.1.21547 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hip Fractures Among Older Adults. 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Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research, 2017,103(1), S161-S169. doi:10.1016/j.otsr.2016.06.025 Scolaro JA, Marecek G, Firoozabadi R, Krieg JC, Routt MLC. Management and radiographic outcomes of femoral head fractures. J Orthop Traumatol. 2017;18(3):235–241. doi:10.1007/s10195-017-0445-z Tomlinson RE, Silva MJ. Skeletal blood flow in bone repair and maintenance. Bone Res. 2013;1(4):311–322. doi:10.4248/BR201304002