Digestive Health Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatment What Is a Gastroenterologist? This specialist is trained in digestive and liver disorders By Amber J. Tresca Amber J. Tresca Facebook LinkedIn Twitter Amber J. Tresca is a freelance writer and speaker who covers digestive conditions, including IBD. She was diagnosed with ulcerative colitis at age 16. Learn about our editorial process Updated on November 01, 2021 Medically reviewed Verywell Health articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and healthcare professionals. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. Learn more. by Priyanka Chugh, MD Medically reviewed by Priyanka Chugh, MD LinkedIn Priyanka Chugh, MD, is board-certified gastroenterologist with a background in internal medicine. She practices with Trinity Health of New England in Waterbury, Connecticut. Learn about our Medical Review Board Print Table of Contents View All Table of Contents Concentrations Conditions Treated Cancer Screening Procedural Expertise Diagnosis Treatments Subspecialties Professional Training Appointment Tips A gastroenterologist is a type of physician who specializes in disorders of the digestive tract. This includes all of the organs that span the alimentary canal from the mouth to the anus, as well as the liver. Gastroenterologists must undergo training and certification in internal medicine before pursuing a subspecialty in gastroenterology. In addition to the study of digestive physiology and diseases, gastroenterologists are trained to perform procedures like endoscopy used in diagnosis and treatment. Ryan McVay / Digital Vision / Getty Images A gastroenterologist may be the primary point of care for people with chronic or serious gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. In most cases, however, people would be referred to a gastroenterologist if a digestive problem is beyond the scope of practice of a family doctor, internist, or primary care physician. Concentrations Gastroenterology is the study of the function and diseases of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, pancreas, gallbladder, bile ducts, and liver. It involves an in-depth understanding of digestion, nutrient absorption, gastrointestinal motility, and the function of the liver indigestion. Conditions Treated The aim of the gastroenterologist is to identify and treat conditions affecting the normal function of the digestive tract, both common and uncommon. These include: Anorectal fistulas, fissures, or abscesses Celiac disease (CD) Crohn's disease Colon polyps Colorectal cancer Diverticular disease Fatty liver disease Gallbladder diseases (such as gallstones, cholecystitis, or gallbladder cancer) Gastroenteritis Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Hemorrhoids Hiatal hernia Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) Liver cancer Pancreatitis Peptic ulcer Stomach cancer Ulcerative colitis Viral hepatitis According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), 60 to 70 million Americans are affected by a digestive disorder, resulting in over 21 million hospitalizations and 48 million doctor visits each year. What Are Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders? Symptoms People are often referred to a gastroenterologist if the cause of a disorder cannot be found or there is an abnormal finding in a stool test or abdominal X-ray. Among some of the symptoms that may warrant an investigation by a gastroenterologist: Abnormal stool color Anal leakage Bloody stools (hematochezia) Chronic abdominal pain or cramping Chronic constipation or diarrhea Chronic heartburn and indigestion Chronic nausea or vomiting Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) Excessive bloating or gas Loss of appetite Loss of bowel control Malnutrition Pain when swallowing (odynophagia) Rectal bleeding Sudden changes in blood habit Unexplained weight loss Yellowing of the eyes and/or skin (jaundice) How Your Digestive System Works Cancer Screening In addition to treatment, gastroenterologists perform cancer screenings to detect malignancies early, when they are most easily treated. As of 2018, adults at average risk in the United States are advised to get a colonoscopy every 10 years starting at age 45 to screen to for colon cancer. Colon Cancer Screening for the Uninsured Procedural Expertise A gastroenterologist's expertise extends from the evaluation and treatment of digestive disorders to the prevention of disease and the maintenance of good gastrointestinal health. Diagnosis The diagnostic tools used by a gastroenterologist are extensive and include lab tests, radiologic studies, directing imaging tests, and tissue studies. Here are just some of the tools central to a gastroenterology practice: Abdominal X-ray Abdominal ultrasound Barium enema Barium swallow Capsule endoscopy Colonoscopy (including virtual colonoscopy) Computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen, pancreas, or liver and biliary tract Exploratory laparoscopy Liver biopsy Sigmoidoscopy Upper GI endoscopy Treatments The treatments a gastroenterologist may explore range from medications and lifestyle changes to surgery and organ transplantation. Some of these can be provided by the gastroenterologist; others may require a team of specialists, including surgeons, dietitians, and oncologists. The list of drugs used to treat digestive disorders is extensive and may include antibiotics, antacids, antidiarrheals, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), H2 blockers, and promotility agents like Reglan (metoclopramide). Over-the-counter medications like stool softeners, laxatives, fiber supplements, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and hemorrhoid creams may also be prescribed. Medications Newer pharmaceutical medications often target specific components of the digestive tract or treat specific conditions. Examples include: Aemcolo (rifamycin), used for relief of traveler's diarrhea Entyvio (vedolizumab), used for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease Keytruda (pembrolizumab), used for certain types of stomach, colon, or esophageal cancer Onivyde (irinotecan liposome), used for metastatic pancreatic cancer Opdivo (nivolumab), used for metastatic colorectal cancer Symproic (naldemedine), used for opioid-induced constipation Viberzi (eluxadoline), used for IBS with diarrhea Viokace (pancrelipase), used for pancreatic insufficiency Xerava (eravacycline), used to treat intra-abdominal infections Zinplava (bezlotoxumab), used for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection Procedures In addition to medications, various procedures may be used to manage or cure a digestive disorder. In some cases, all that may be needed are changes in diet or eating habits in tandem with weight loss, exercise, and smoking cessation. More intensive treatments are sometimes required, particularly in cases of cancer, bowel perforation, or severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Examples include: Biliary stenting (used to unblock the bile duct) Gallstone or biliary stone removal (via ERCP or MRCP) Polypectomy (removal of colon polyps via thermal ablation, electrocautery, etc.) Subspecialties Some gastroenterologists choose to specialize in specific disorders or organ symptom. One of the most common is hepatology, devoted to the study of the liver. Others will partake in fellowships and training in subspecialties such as inflammatory bowel diseases, colorectal cancer, gastrointestinal motility, interventional endoscopy, neurogastroenterology, pediatric gastroenterology, and transplant hepatology, among others. Do I Need a Hepatologist or Gastroenterologist? Training and Certification Gastroenterologists typically undergo 14 years of education and practical training to achieve a board certification. This includes three years of fellowship training devoted specifically to the diagnosis, management, treatment, and prevention of gastrointestinal diseases. Hepatology requires an additional one-year fellowship. The fellowship training is overseen one or several national societies, including the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM), the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG), the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA), and the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE). Once the fellowship training is complete, certification can be obtained by passing the gastroenterology board exam administered by the ABIM. Some gastroenterologists receive special recognition for extraordinary achievements in gastroenterology. Those afforded the honor are declared Fellows of the ACG or ACP, denoted by the letters FACG or FACP after their names. Appointment Tips Meeting a gastroenterologist for the first time can be uncomfortable given that most people don't like to discuss things like bowel movements, gas, or diarrhea. It is important not to let this get in the way of a diagnosis. The more accurately you describe your symptoms—including things like the consistency, smell, and color of stools—the sooner the doctor will know where to start the investigation. If you have chronic symptoms, keep a journal outlining the time, date, duration, and specifics of each event. Be sure to write down what you were doing at the time, including the foods you ate and whether you were stressed, lying down, or exercising vigorously. Moreover, ask as many questions as you need to fully understand the procedures and what a test result may or may not mean. Examples include: What do you suspect is causing my symptoms?What tests can you use to confirm this?What is involved in the test?How long will it take to get the results?What can I do in the meantime to control my symptoms?Are there things I am doing that make my symptoms worse?Is my condition something that needs to be managed, or can it be cured? Before your appointment, check that the gastroenterologist accepts your insurance. If a test or procedure is recommended, make sure that it is covered by your insurance and what your exact copay or coinsurance costs will be. If the out-of-pocket costs are too high, ask the gastroenterologist if there are any less costly alternatives. In some cases, the gastroenterologist may offer an upfront cash discount or an interest-free installment plan. A Word From Verywell When searching for a gastroenterologist, a professional referral is usually the best place to start. Ask your primary care physician for a list of local referrals. The ACG also provides an online locator to find board-certified specialists in your area. People searching for a hepatologist can use the ACG liver specialist locator. To check a physician's certification, use the online verification portal offered by the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABSM). The DocInfo website managed by the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB) also allows you to review a doctor's education, the states in which the doctor is licensed, and any legal or disciplinary actions taken against the doctor. Frequently Asked Questions What is interventional endoscopy? Interventional endoscopy is a subspecialty of gastroenterology that focuses on treatment of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract using a noninvasive or minimally invasive approach. What education is required to become a gastroenterologist? Typically, 14 years of education and hands-on training are required to receive a board certification and become a gastroenterologist. This includes four years of undergraduate college, four years of medical school, three years of residency in internal medicine, and three years of specialty fellowship training in gastroenterology. 5 Reasons You Might Need a Gastroenterologist Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! We're providing tips on how to take better care of your gut. Sign Up You're in! Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. There was an error. Please try again. What are your concerns? Other Inaccurate Hard to Understand Submit 2 Sources Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. Harvard Health Publishing. By the way, doctor: How often should I have a colonoscopy? Updated June 10, 2019. Cedars Sinai. A patient's guide to interventional gastroenterology. Additional Reading Northup, P.; Argo, C.; DeCross, A. et al. Procedural Competency of Gastroenterology Trainees: From Apprenticeship to Milestones. Gastroenterol. 2013 Apr;144(4):677-80. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.020.