How Smoking Affects the Spine

Back pain is one of the many health risks of smoking. But exactly how does exposure to nicotine damage spinal structures?

Blood Vessel Constriction

One way is that it affects blood vessels. Smoking may constrict and/or lead to the degeneration of arteries that supply the vertebrae with blood.

According to Dr. Jennifer Solomon, a physiatrist at the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York City, "When you decrease the blood supply you decrease the oxygen and nutrients to these living structures. This, in turn, leads to degeneration and pain."

Increased Spinal Fracture Risk

"Back pain and fractures from osteoporosis are big issues in people who smoke," observed Dr. Rick Delamarter, co-director, Spine Center, and vice chairman, Spine Services, Department of Surgery, at Cedars-Sinai in Los Angeles. Delamarter added that if you are "deconditioned" and weak (in other words, if you don’t exercise) your risk for fractures increases even more.

Smoking may interfere with bone metabolism. A 2003 review in the Journal of Internal Medicine of 50 studies that involved 512,399 people found that people who smoked were at an overall higher risk of bone fractures, including spinal fractures. The same review found that quitting smoking seemed to help decrease overall fracture risk.

Smoke inhalation may reduce the ability of your cells to take in nutritional substances, according to Dr. Alexander Vaccaro who is an attending surgeon, in orthopedics and neurosurgery at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia.

Spinal Fusion Surgery Outcomes

And healing after spinal fusion surgery will likely be more difficult if you smoke, as it raises your risk for a pseudoarthrosis (non-union of fusion). This may mean you will need a second surgery. It may also increase your chronic pain levels on a day-to-day basis.

"In general, smoking inhibits the body's ability to heal from injury or surgery,” Dr. Solomon comments. "For current and former smokers whose discs heal poorly after a back surgery, this can mean a painful quality of life."

Pressure on Intervertebral Discs

If you’ve got a chronic cough, you likely will put repeated pressure on your interverbal discs, which can lead to disc herniation or degenerative disc disease.

Back Pain Intensity

In addition to the potential problems listed above, if you are a smoker, chances are good that your pain is more pronounced than that of a typical non-smoker with back pain, according to Dr. Solomon.

You would think, based on the analgesic (pain reducing) qualities of nicotine, that smokers would have less back pain than non-smokers. Not so, Solomon says. What seems to happen is that an addicted smoker's pain tolerance is reduced when he or she is deprived of nicotine, she said. Nicotine deprivation may also hasten the onset of pain perception.

"Because of this, some believe that nicotine withdrawal could increase a smoker's perception and even the intensity of their chronic pain," said Dr. Solomon, concluding that more research needs to be done before the relationship between pain perception and smoking is understood.