What is the role of the basal ganglia in Huntington’s and Parkinson’s?

The basal ganglia are a complex system of neurons in the brain. These are impaired in Huntington’s and Parkinson’s, which leads to symptoms.

Does time of day affect Parkinson’s symptoms?

Those who take levodopa to treat Parkinson’s may experience morning akinesia, or a delayed onset of relief from the medication in the early morning.

How do the symptoms of Huntington’s and Parkinson’s differ?

While both cause uncontrollable movements, Huntington’s causes more jerky movements, whereas Parkinson’s displays as a more constant tremor.

Do scientists have a cure for neurodegenerative diseases?

There is no cure for neurodegenerative diseases like Huntington’s, Parkinson’s, and others such as ALS and Alzheimer’s , though studies are being conducted all the time to look at causes, treatments, and possible cures.

Huntington’s vs. Parkinson’s: Symptoms and Causes

Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease are both neurodegenerative diseases. These types of diseases occur when nerve cells in the brain or peripheral nervous system deteriorate and die off over time.

While there is some overlap between Parkinson’s and Huntington’s, in that they both affect movement, there are distinct differences. The main difference between these diseases is in their genetic makeup.

Huntington’s is an inherited disorder caused by a genetic abnormality. Parkinson’s occurs when the nerve cells in the brain don’t produce enough dopamine, which can be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Learn more about the different symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment for these conditions.

Symptoms

With neurodegenerative illness, affected nerve cells can produce a variety of symptoms, including involuntary movement, trembling in the hands, poor balance and coordination, and difficulty making decisions or learning new information.

Both Huntington’s and Parkinson’s can cause symptoms that affect movement. Cognitive decline or dementia can also occur in both.

Though Huntington’s and Parkinson’s share some symptoms, they have a distinct set of symptoms that differentiate them.

Huntington’s Disease Symptoms

The primary symptoms of Huntington’s disease, which typically develops between the ages of 30 and 50, include:

Uncontrolled movements
Abnormal body postures
Changes in behavior, emotion, judgment, and cognition
Impaired coordination
Slurred speech
Difficulty eating and swallowing

Parkinson’s Disease Symptoms

Parkinson’s disease typically starts around age 70, though it can begin earlier. Its primary symptoms include:

Tremors: Shaking with a rhythmic back and forth motion
Rigidity: Stiff muscles that are resistant to movement, remaining tense and contracted
Bradykinesia: Automatic and spontaneous movement slows, making it difficult to perform simple tasks or routine movements
Body instability: Impaired balance and changes in posture that can increase the risk of falls

People with Parkinson’s can also experience other symptoms, such as:

Freezing
Difficulties with speech and language
Emotional changes
Urinary problems or constipation
Cognitive difficulties
Fatigue
Difficulty sleeping
Dementia

Dementia With Parkinson’s and Huntington’s

Dementia is the general term for a decline in cognition and memory that is severe enough to affect activities of daily life. Dementia can occur in both Huntington’s and Parkinson’s.

Causes

The primary difference between Huntington’s disease and Parkinson’s disease are their causes. Huntington’s is caused by genetics. For Parkinson’s, the causes are more complex.

What Causes Huntington’s Disease?

Huntington’s disease is caused by a mutation in the HTT gene. The HTT gene is responsible for making the huntingtin protein, which is thought to play an important role in nerve cells of the brain.

In Huntington’s disease, a DNA segment within this gene, called the CAG trinucleotide repeat, is repeated more often than is normal.

What Causes Parkinson’s Disease?

Parkinson’s disease is caused by a combination of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. A deficiency in the chemical dopamine can cause symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.

In about 15% of cases, Parkinson’s occurs in individuals with a family history of the disease, due to gene mutations and alterations that are passed down.

Age is a large risk factor for developing Parkinson’s. People over the age of 60 have the highest risk of developing the disease.

Studies show that men are 1.5 times more likely to develop Parkinson’s than women.

Other environmental risk factors that can lead to Parkinson’s include:

Head injury
Geographic location
Exposure to metals
Exposure to pesticides and herbicides
Exposure to toxins such as trichlorethylene (TCE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

Possible Link to Alzheimer’s

Though Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, and Parkinson’s are distinctly different diseases, some evidence has emerged that shows a common link between the three.

All three diseases have proteins within the cells that do not assemble properly. Though the molecular and cellular changes that occur in each disease vary greatly, this protein degradation has been shown to precede early clinical signs in each disease. This is promising news, as more studies are being done to determine whether this can either predict or prevent these neurodegenerative diseases.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing Huntington’s and Parkinson’s can take time depending on the presentation of symptoms. Physicians and neurologists can make a diagnosis based on a variety of factors.

Huntington’s Diagnosis

A Huntington’s diagnosis can be achieved through a combination of genetic and neurological testing:

Genetic testing is the most accurate method to diagnose Huntington’s disease. A test will look at the number of CAG repeats in the HTT gene to determine if Huntington’s is present.
Neurological exams can assist a diagnosis of Huntington’s. This involves taking a full medical and family history, as well as testing reflexes, balance, and movement.
Brain imaging, such as an MRI or CT scan, may also be conducted to look for abnormalities.

Parkinson’s Diagnosis

Diagnosing Parkinson’s disease can be difficult, especially during the early stages of the disease. However, physicians can come to a reasonable conclusion of Parkinson’s if a patient experiences two of the following major symptoms over a period of time:

Tremors
Rigidity
Bradykinesia
Body imbalance

Seek Out Specialists

Because diagnosing Huntington’s and Parkinson’s can be complex, patients may want to seek out a neurologist who specializes in movement disorders for a diagnosis.

Treatment

While there is no cure for Huntington’s or Parkinson’s disease, starting and maintaining a treatment plan can help manage the disease and maintain a strong quality of life for as long as possible.

Most treatment plans are focused on controlling symptoms.

Huntington’s Treatment

Unfortunately, there are currently no treatments that can stop or reverse Huntington’s disease. There are, however, medications that can help with movement issues and the emotional issues that come with a diagnosis.

Symptoms of Huntington’s can be treated through various medications. These can include:

Tetrabenzine, which is used to control involuntary movements, is one of the most common and best ways to treat Huntington’s.
Deutetrabenazine can also help treat involuntary movements.
Antipsychotics may help with involuntary movements, but can also control hallucinations and violent outbursts.
Antidepressants can help treat depression that may come with a diagnosis.

Depression With Huntington’s Disease

Due to the nature and lower life expectancy of Huntington’s disease, it is common for a diagnosis to lead to depression. Patients with Huntington’s are at a higher risk of suicide.

If you are struggling with your Huntington’s diagnosis or prognosis, contact the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) National Helpline online or call 1-800-662-4357 to seek help.

For more mental health resources, including a helpful list of links and hotline numbers, see our National Helpline Database.

Parkinson’s Treatment

Treatment for Parkinson’s disease depends on the individual’s symptoms, but the primary treatment for Parkinson’s is medication.

The most common medications used to treat Parkinson’s include:

Levodopa, the main drug treatment for Parkinson’s, increases the levels of dopamine in the brain.
Carbidopa is often taken with levodopa to control side effects from levodopa and to reduce the amount of levodopa needed to help with symptoms.
Amantadine is an antiviral drug that can reduce involuntary movements.
Anticholinergic drugs can be used to reduce tremors.

Other treatments for Parkinson’s disease include deep brain stimulation to help with tremors and rigidity, and therapies such as physical, occupational, and speech therapy to help with daily functions.

Eating a healthy diet and exercising to strengthen muscles can also be a part of the treatment plan for Parkinson’s.

Prevention

Though studies on Huntington’s and Parkinson’s disease are ongoing, prevention is unlikely.

Because Huntington’s disease is genetic, an individual can’t stop the disease from occurring.

Due to the complex nature of Parkinson’s disease and its causes, preventative factors are being explored. One of these is exercise, which has been shown to have some benefits in preventing Parkinson’s.

A Word From Verywell

A diagnosis of Huntington’s or Parkinson’s disease can be upsetting and create challenges in your life. Staying informed, talking to your physician about treatment options to manage symptoms, as well as connecting with others who are going through similar experiences, can help you live well with either disease. Both the Parkinson’s Foundation and Huntington’s Disease Society of America offer resources and support, including information and support groups.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the role of the basal ganglia in Huntington’s and Parkinson’s?

The basal ganglia are a complex system of neurons in the brain. These are impaired in Huntington’s and Parkinson’s, which leads to symptoms.
Does time of day affect Parkinson’s symptoms?

Those who take levodopa to treat Parkinson’s may experience morning akinesia, or a delayed onset of relief from the medication in the early morning.
How do the symptoms of Huntington’s and Parkinson’s differ?

While both cause uncontrollable movements, Huntington’s causes more jerky movements, whereas Parkinson’s displays as a more constant tremor.
Do scientists have a cure for neurodegenerative diseases?

There is no cure for neurodegenerative diseases like Huntington’s, Parkinson’s, and others such as ALS and Alzheimer’s, though studies are being conducted all the time to look at causes, treatments, and possible cures.