COPD An Overview of Hypercapnia Having too much carbon dioxide in the blood can cause serious symptoms By Deborah Leader, RN Deborah Leader, RN Deborah Leader RN, PHN, is a registered nurse and medical writer who focuses on COPD. Learn about our editorial process Updated on October 09, 2022 Medically reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD Medically reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD Sanja Jelic, MD, is board-certified in sleep medicine, critical care medicine, pulmonary disease, and internal medicine. Learn about our Medical Expert Board Print Table of Contents View All Table of Contents How Your Lungs Work Symptoms Complications Causes Diagnosis Treatment Hypercapnia occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2 levels) are too high in the bloodstream. High CO2 levels in the blood may happen with conditions that make it hard to remove CO2 from the body. These include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), certain neurological and muscle diseases, metabolic disruptions, or damage to areas of the brain that regulate your breathing. Hypercapnia can be a life-threatening health crisis, and severe hypercapnia can lead to death. This article explains both mild and severe effects of hypercapnia, along with some of the possible underlying causes. It discusses how the condition is diagnosed and some of the hypercapnia treatment options. Dorling Kindersley / Getty Images How Your Lungs Work The respiratory system is simple and complex at the same time: As you inhale, air enters your lungs, Oxygen then moves into the blood which carries it to your body systems. Once you have inhaled oxygen, you exhale the waste product carbon dioxide. This process is called gas exchange. Medical issues arise when not enough oxygen enters the lungs. However, problems can also occur if too little carbon dioxide is exhaled, which causes the body's CO2 level to spike. This state is known as hypercapnia—sometimes called hypercarbia or carbon dioxide retention. Hypercarbia vs. Hypercapnia and Hypoxemia The terms hypercarbia and hypercapnia both describe conditions in which carbon dioxide levels in the body are elevated. They are often used interchangeably. Hypercapnia and hypoxemia mean two different things because hypoxemia refers to low levels of oxygen in the blood. It can lead to hypoxia, which describes low oxygen levels in your body tissues and organs. Hypoxia: Types and Overview Mild Hypercapnia Symptoms Many people are unaware that they have mild hypercapnia. When you consider the common, everyday nature of the symptoms, you might understand why. Hypercapnia symptoms can include: Dizziness Fatigue Flushing Headaches Inability to concentrate or think clearly Increased blood pressure Muscle twitches Rapid breathing (tachypnea) Shortness of breath (dyspnea) When CO2 levels become elevated, special receptors in your brain detect the increased blood level. These receptors send messages to your lungs to make you breathe more deeply and/or faster until your CO2 reaches a normal level. With severe hypercapnia, though, the symptoms and complications can become life-threatening. What Happens When CO2 Levels Are Too High? Your CO2 level may be too high even if your oxygen level is normal. In many cases, a higher CO2 level leads to mild symptoms including headache and fatigue. When the mechanisms designed to protect this balance in your body no longer work, more severe symptoms of difficulty breathing, respiratory failure, seizure, and coma can occur. Hypercapnia Complications Severe hypercapnia can cause noticeable and distressing effects. Unlike mild hypercapnia, the body is incapable of restoring CO2 balance, which can lead to urgent symptoms: Acute paranoia, depression, or confusion Coma Dilation (widening) of blood vessels in the skin Fainting Hyperventilation Panic attack Respiratory failure Seizure Swelling of the optic nerve (papilledema) Severe cases of hypercapnia can lead to respiratory failure and coma if left untreated. So call 911 if you experience any of these symptoms. Hypercapnia Causes Hypercapnia results from excess CO2 production or reduced CO2 exhalation from the lungs. Some health issues may be at the root of these dynamics, and a number of risk factors may increase the odds of the condition developing. It's rare for someone who is healthy to develop severe (also known as "medically significant") hypercapnia. But certain types of health issues can trigger the condition. Metabolic Changes Illnesses, infections, and severe trauma can cause an alteration in the body’s metabolism, resulting in excess CO2 production. If your breathing can’t catch up with your need to exhale CO2 from your body, you can develop an elevated blood CO2 level. Causes of excess CO2 production include: Severe illness, infection, or trauma Hypothermia (too-low body temperature) Scuba diving (due to pressure changes) Improper settings on a ventilator Onset of Lung Disease Lung disease can interfere with CO2 removal. A situation called ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch occurs when you have severe lung damage that prevents the flow of blood and/or air in your lungs. The following chronic conditions can cause CO2 gas to build up in the body: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchiectasis Emphysema Interstitial lung disease (including pulmonary fibrosis) Cystic fibrosis COPD is a major cause of hypercapnia. But even people with severe or end-stage COPD may not develop hypercapnia. Muscle Weakness Neuromuscular diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and muscular dystrophy can make it a struggle to breathe, resulting in a buildup of blood CO2 levels. Myasthenia gravis is another neuromuscular cause of hypercapnia. Brain Disorders Conditions that impair your brain’s ability to regulate breathing may result in CO2 accumulation in your blood (central hypoventilation). Your respiratory control can be impaired by: Brainstem stroke Drug overdoses, such as with an opioid or benzodiazepine (used to treat anxiety) Nervous system disorders like encephalitis (a brain infection) or a large stroke Your CO2 Level Is More Likely to Be Elevated During Sleep Diagnosing Hypercapnia Often, the symptoms of mild hypercapnia are simple enough for an experienced healthcare provider to address. They are worth monitoring, particularly if they linger or get worse. Severe hypercapnia requires a more assertive approach. Efforts usually focus on a search for the underlying cause, and the search begins with a careful history and physical examination. You will likely need a blood test that measures your CO2 level. An arterial blood gas (ABG) test measures your blood oxygen, CO2, bicarbonate, and pH. Typically, blood tests use blood samples taken from a vein. An ABG test requires a sample of blood from your artery. You may also need other diagnostic tests. In the meantime, you may require intervention with medication and/or assistance with breathing from a breathing mask or mechanical ventilator. Hypercapnia Diagnosis Hypercapnia is usually diagnosed when CO2 pressure measures at 45 mm Hg (millimeters of mercury) or above. Diagnostic Tests Aside from blood tests, certain go-to tests include: Imaging tests: A chest X-ray and chest computerized tomography (CT) scan can help to evaluate the severity of pulmonary conditions like emphysema and pneumonia. If your healthcare provider thinks the cause may be related to the brain, you may need a brain imaging test, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Pulmonary function tests (PFTs): Several measures of your respiratory function can help to assess your lung function. These include your vital capacity (the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled from the lung) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). This test measures how much air you can forcefully exhale in 1 second. Pulse oximetry: Your oxygen level can read as normal even when you have hypercapnia, but pulse oximetry is a noninvasive test that can be used to monitor sudden changes. Hypercapnia Treatment Treating hypercapnia focuses on improving ventilation so that you can get rid of excess CO2. The type of treatment used depends on the severity of the condition. The options include: Intubation requires that an endotracheal tube be placed in your mouth and down into your airway. You are unable to breathe or speak while you are intubated. You may need this type of respiratory assistance temporarily while a severe medical illness is being treated. Mechanical ventilation involves the use of a mechanical ventilator that takes over the act of breathing for you. Noninvasive ventilation provides breathing support through the upper airways. A tightly fitted mask is placed over your face or nose. The mask is connected to a machine that delivers gentle air pressure and oxygen from a flow generator, though you can still breathe on your own. Oxygen therapy gives you freedom of movement while you're being treated for hypercapnia. You must wear a device that resembles an over-the-shoulder purse or backpack with a tube (cannula) that delivers oxygen into your nose. Pulmonary rehab is another treatment option. It can vary greatly from one patient to another but can include a mix of breathing exercises, physical exercises, and diet and nutrition consultations. Prognosis People who have hypercapnia due to a chronic condition tend to have a poorer prognosis than those who do not, even with the same underlying cause. Early diagnosis and effective treatment may contribute to better outcomes. Summary Mild hypercapnia can be hard to spot. Having too much carbon dioxide in the body can cause nonspecific symptoms like headache, fatigue, and muscle twitches. Often, it clears up quickly on its own. With severe hypercapnia, though, the body can't restore CO2 balance and the symptoms are more serious. An underlying health condition usually triggers hypercapnia, and the sooner it's identified, the sooner you can get treatment. A Word From Verywell If you're at risk for hypercapnia, it's crucial to learn about the condition's red flags so that you can get proper medical supervision. 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