Insulin vs. Blood Sugar: Understanding How to Manage Diabetes

Understanding the role of insulin and glucose (blood sugar) in the body is important part of managing type 2 diabetes. Insulin is a hormone that lowers blood sugar, preventing excess glucose from damaging cells. In type 2 diabetes, blood sugar is high due to having cells that do not take up enough sugar because they are resistant to insulin.

This article explains the role of insulin and its impact on blood sugar, and what happens when this process is dysfunctional.

What Is Insulin?

Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas. Increased levels of blood sugar, such as what occurs after a meal, signal the pancreas to release insulin in the bloodstream. Insulin tells cells throughout the body to take up blood sugar, which is either used then for energy or stored as glycogen or fat for later use.

Insulin was discovered in the early 1920s and over the next decades, developed into a lifesaving pharmaceutical product for people with diabetes.

What Is Blood Sugar?

Blood sugar, also known as blood glucose, is the concentration of sugar in the blood, typically given in units of milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). The normal fasting blood sugar level is less than 100 mg/dL. However, in diabetes, this level is above 126 mg/dL. Numbers in between are considered in the prediabetes range.

The body needs to maintain blood sugar within a specific range. When glucose is too low, hypoglycemia can occur. In hypoglycemia, the brain doesn't have enough energy, which can lead to coma and death unless treated.

High levels of sugar can be a problem in both the short term and long term. In the short term, high levels of blood sugar in type 2 diabetes can lead to a dangerous state called hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS), which is marked by severe dehydration and can be life-threatening. In the long term, high blood sugar damages tissues and organs throughout the body.

Insulin Resistance and Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is most often caused by insulin resistance, a situation in which cells don't respond appropriately to insulin. Higher and higher levels of insulin are required to stimulate cells to take up blood sugar. Eventually, the pancreas can't keep up with the amount of insulin needed, resulting in high blood sugar levels.

Treating High Blood Sugar With Insulin

Most available forms of insulin are injectable, delivered via needle, pen, or a pump. There is also an inhaled form of insulin called Afrezza.

Types of Insulin

There are several different types of exogenous insulin (insulin not made in the body itself, but that's injected, pumped, or inhaled). They are different in how quickly they are absorbed, when they reach their peak effect, and how long they last in the body.

Usually insulin is prescribed as a regimen that includes a basal dose of intermediate or long-acting insulin with bolus dosing (a single dose given in a short period of time) of rapid-acting insulin given before meals.

Side Effects of Insulin

Side effects of insulin can result from the delivery of insulin, the effect of insulin on the body, and a possible allergy to the ingredients in the medication.

Side effects may include:

• Redness or irritation at injection site
• Scar tissue or skin thickening at injection site (lipohypertrophy)
• Swelling at the injection site
• Weight gain

Effects of Insulin on Body

In the short term, insulin can cause seriously low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia. Symptoms can include:

• Light-headedness or dizziness
• Shaking or tremors
• Sweating and clamminess
• Blurry vision
• Pale skin
• Rapid heart rate
• Confusion
• Loss of consciousness
• Seizure

Symptoms of hypoglycemia need prompt treatment. If you have symptoms of low blood sugar, check your blood sugar if you are able and immediately ingest some carbohydrates by drinking juice or eating crackers.

Possible allergies to the other components in the drug can also cause serious allergic reaction known as anaphylaxis:

• Facial swelling
• Difficulty breathing
• Fast heart rate
• Dizziness
• Loss of consciousness
  
  

Prognosis

Before the discovery and development of insulin as a medication, diabetes had a much worse prognosis. With better understanding of the condition and with available treatment options, diabetes is a treatable chronic disease.

Studies demonstrate that people with diabetes have decreased life expectancy compared to those without diabetes. This is particularly true in those with poorly controlled blood sugar, kidney disease, and a younger age at diagnosis.

It's especially important for people with diabetes to stop smoking and to control other health conditions like high blood pressure and high cholesterol to lower their risk of cardiovascular disease, which is a major cause of death in people with diabetes.

Complications

Chronically high levels of blood sugar are damaging to tissues and organs in the body, which may lead to the following complications:

• Eye problems, like diabetic retinopathy (damage to the retina) and macular degeneration (loss of the center field of vision)
• Dental problems
• Increased risk of cardiovascular disease
• Kidney disease
• Neuropathy (nerve damage)
• Foot ulcers
  

Summary

Insulin and blood sugar are both vital to the body. While blood sugar is an essential form of energy for the body, levels that are too high or too low are life-threatening. Insulin helps keep blood sugar in check. In people with type 2 diabetes, the relationship between insulin and blood sugar is dysfunctional, resulting in high blood sugar.

A Word From Verywell

A diagnosis of type 2 diabetes can be daunting, particularly when treatment with insulin is needed. Learning how insulin works and how to administer it and keep your blood sugar levels in a safe range can take a lot of work and practice. Know that your healthcare team is available to answer questions and help get you on track to better blood sugar control and better health.