Heart Health Overview of Left Atrial Enlargement Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment By Lana Barhum Lana Barhum Facebook LinkedIn Lana Barhum has been a freelance medical writer for over 10 years. She shares advice on living well with chronic disease. Learn about our editorial process Updated on October 03, 2021 Medically reviewed Verywell Health articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and healthcare professionals. These medical reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. Learn more. by Richard N. Fogoros, MD Medically reviewed by Richard N. Fogoros, MD Facebook LinkedIn Richard N. Fogoros, MD, is a retired professor of medicine and board-certified internal medicine physician and cardiologist. Learn about our Medical Expert Board Print Table of Contents View All Table of Contents Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment The left atrium is located in the upper left part of the heart. It is one of four chambers in the heart. Too much pressure or too much blood volume can both cause the left atrium to become bigger, which causes left atrial enlargement (LAE). The increased pressure or volume is caused by an underlying cardiovascular condition—discovering that someone has LAE should initiate the search for the condition that is causing it. The left and right atrium of the heart. Left Atrial Enlargement Symptoms Sometimes, an enlarged atrium does not cause any symptoms. The occurrence of symptoms depends on the extent of the enlargement in the left atrium. If the increase in size is substantial, symptoms are likely to be experienced. If symptoms are noticed, they may include: Chest painBreathing problems, including shortness of breath and coughingExtreme fatigueAbnormal heartbeatFluid buildup and swellingFainting But the symptoms above are also characteristic of numerous conditions affecting the heart, including congestive heart failure. Another symptom that can be caused by LAE is dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, is due to the impingement of a massively enlarged atrium on the esophagus. LAE usually occurs as a result of underlying cardiovascular conditions, and is often discovered when testing is done to look for these underlying conditions. Science Picture Co / Getty Images Causes Health conditions most commonly associated with the enlargement of the left atrium include high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, mitral valve dysfunction, and left ventricle problems. These conditions can produce elevated left atrial pressures, elevated left atrial volume, or both—leading to LAE. While left atrial size is influenced by aging, sex, and body size, these are not causes or risk factors for LAE. Underlying cardiovascular diseases can cause LAE no matter your age, sex, or body size. High Blood Pressure High blood pressure is common in people with LAE. One review in the American Journal of Hypertension of 15 studies over a period of 12 years found that LAE was present in 16 to 83% of people with high blood pressure. In people with high blood pressure, LAE is often related to asymptomatic diastolic dysfunction. Atrial Fibrillation Atrial fibrillation (A-Fib) is a problem that causes arrhythmia, or irregular heartbeats. This causes the two upper chambers of the heart to beat differently than the two lower chambers. Persistent A-Fib may eventually enlarge the left atrium. A-Fib can either be permanent, persistent, or paroxysmal, and newer research confirms LAE is both a cause and a complication of A-Fib. An analysis of a large study reported by the British Cardiovascular Society looked at risk factors for heart disease. The data looked at various heart conditions, including A-Fib. The researchers looked at the size of study participants' left atriums. What they found was that enlarged atriums were common in people with A-Fib. Based on the results, people with enlarged left atriums were 60% more likely to develop A-Fib and those with a severely enlarged atrium were four times more likely to develop A-Fib than people with normal heart chambers. The researchers confirm that an enlarged left atrium is an independent risk factor for A-Fib, much like strokes and heart failure. A second 2018 study has confirmed these findings, adding that an enlarged left atrium is a predictor of A-Fib. Research reported in the International Journal of Cardiology finds evidence that LAE may also be a consequence of A-Fib. In this study, researchers were able to determine left atrium changes were common in people with A-Fib and occurred in a slow and progressive manner. Mitral Valve Dysfunction Some conditions associated with the mitral valve may contribute to LAE. The mitral valve is the heart valve that lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle. Mitral stenosis causes the mitral valve to narrow and makes it harder for the left ventricle to be filled. Mitral regurgitation, on the other hand, causes blood to leak from the left ventricle into the left atrium. Both of these conditions make it difficult for the left atrium to pump blood to the left ventricle, resulting in increased pressure in the left atrium—this eventually causes enlargement. The connection between mitral valve problems and LAE is common. One 2013 study finds that in people with mitral valve disease and LAE without symptoms, mitral valve replacement can decrease the size of the left atrium, and help prevent symptoms due to LAE. Left Ventricle Problems Problems with the left ventricle put pressure on the left atrium, leading to the enlargement of the left atrium. Left ventricle and left atrium problems seem to go hand-in-hand. For example, one 2019 study reported in the Journal of the American Society of Hypertension finds that people with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) have higher systolic blood pressures (SBPs) and larger left atriums. SVH is a condition where the muscle wall of the heart left chamber, the ventricle, becomes thickened. The SBP is the number on top in a blood pressure reading that indicates the amount of pressure that blood exerts on the vessels while the heart is beating. Diagnosis A diagnosis of LAE can be made by looking at the heart with an echocardiogram. This test uses ultrasound to take pictures of the heart. The test is performed with the person lying down on a table and the technician attaching metal electrodes to the person’s chest. The technician will then pass a small sound wave probe over the chest. These sound waves bounce off the heart and echo back to the probe, producing images. The echocardiogram is a safe procedure that causes no pain or harm and has no side effects. Other tests that may be used in the diagnosis of LAE include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans. These tests make measures of the left atrium to determine its size and if it is enlarged in comparison to its normal size. Treatment Treatment of left atrial enlargement focuses on identifying and treating the cause of it: High blood pressure treatment: High blood pressure is treated with medications and management of unhealthy habits, including a healthy diet low in salt. It also involves limiting alcohol, exercising, managing stress, and not smoking. Mitral stenosis treatment: Treatment options for mitral stenosis include diuretics to reduce fluid, blood thinners to prevent clots, and anti-arrhythmic drugs to manage irregular heartbeat. Additionally, surgery can repair or replace the mitral valve. Mitral regurgitation treatment: Treatment for mitral regurgitation includes medications to reduce the risk of blood clots. Much like mitral stenosis, surgery can repair the problem. A Word From Verywell Most people with left atrial enlargement have no symptoms. Having LAE is generally a sign of an underlying heart condition. Treatment for conditions associated with LAE vary from lifestyle changes to medication and surgery. LAE can also put people at risk for additional heart problems, so it's important to keep blood pressure and heart rhythms under control. If you have a family history of heart problems, be sure to tell your healthcare provider. This way, your heart health can be carefully watched. Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! Did you know the most common forms of heart disease are largely preventable? Our guide will show you what puts you at risk, and how to take control of your heart health. Sign Up You're in! Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. There was an error. Please try again. What are your concerns? Other Inaccurate Hard to Understand Submit 7 Sources Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. Sabzi F. Huge left atrium accompanied by normally functioning prosthetic valve. J Tehran Heart Cent. 2015;10(1):53–57. Cuspidi C, Rescaldani M, Sala C. Prevalence of echocardiographic left-atrial enlargement in hypertension: a systematic review of recent clinical studies. Am J Hypertens. 2013;26(4):456-64. doi:10.1093/ajh/hpt001 Tiwari S, Schirmer H, Jacobsen BK, et al. Association between diastolic dysfunction and future atrial fibrillation in the Tromsø Study from 1994 to 2010. Heart. 2015;101(16):1302-8. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2015-307438 Lu R, Ma N, Jiang Z, et al. Endothelin-1 is associated with dilatation of the left atrium and can be an independent predictor of atrial fibrillation after mitral valve surgery. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2018 Jan 1;26(1):66-70. doi:10.1093/icvts/ivx250 Wozakowska-kapłon B. Changes in left atrial size in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation: a prospective echocardiographic study with a 5-year follow-up period. Int J Cardiol. 2005;101(1):47-52. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.03.010 Pande S, Agarwal SK, Mohanty S, Bansal A. Effect of mitral valve replacement on reduction of left atrial size. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann. 2013;21(3):288-92. doi:10.1177/0218492312453142 Kühl JT, Nielsen JB, Stisen ZR, et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy identified by cardiac computed tomography and ECG in hypertensive individuals: a population-based study. J Hypertens. 2019;37(4):739-746. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000001962 Additional Reading Cuspidi C, Rescaldani M, Sala C. Prevalence of echocardiographic left-atrial enlargement in hypertension: a systematic review of recent clinical studies. Am J Hypertens. 2013;26(4):456-64. doi:10.1093/ajh/hpt001 Patel DA, Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Shah S, Gilliland Y. Clinical implications of left atrial enlargement: a review. Ochsner J. 2009;9(4):191-6. PMID:21603443