What to Do If Your Partner Has HPV

It can be scary to learn that someone you are dating has human papillomavirus (HPV). You may worry that it can be transmitted to you. Or you may have heard that people with HPV can develop cancer.

Many people with HPV never have symptoms. That may leave you to wonder if you have already acquired the infection. All of these are reasonable concerns.

To set your mind at ease and allow you to enjoy a healthy sex life, it's a good idea to learn about how HPV can impact a person and their sexual partners. This article explains HPV risks, cancer risks, testing, and prevention.

HPV Risk

HPV is a widespread sexually transmitted infection (STI). You may have heard this described as an STD, or "sexually transmitted disease," but referring to infections is a more general term that covers asymptomatic cases that also need attention.

All told, around 43 million Americans have HPV, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Most people acquire the infection in their late teens and early 20s.

A 2017 study conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) reported that the rate of HPV infection in the United States was as follows.

Cancer Risk

There are both low-risk and high-risk HPV strains. These high-risk strains include HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. High-risk strains are those that are commonly associated with cancer, including:

• Cervical cancer
• Anal cancer
• Oral cancer
• Penile cancer
• Vulvar cancer

Low-risk strains are those unlikely to cause cancer or any symptoms at all. For example, HPV 6 and 11 cause 90% of genital warts but are rarely associated with cancer.

According to a 2015 study in the Journal of Virology, most infections with high-risk HPV strains will spontaneously clear up. Of the cases that progress to cancer, certain risk factors appear to contribute to their development, including:

• Genetics
• Smoking
• Older age
• Herpes co-infection
• Infection with multiple high-risk HPV strains

That said, 70% of cervical cancers and precancerous cervical lesions are associated with two high-risk HPV strains: HPV 16 and HPV 18.

Value of HPV Testing

Getting a positive HPV diagnosis doesn't necessarily suggest anything other than the need to monitor for cancer or precancer. Even then, the benefits of testing apply most to people with a cervix.

Cervical Pap Test

For those with a cervix, an HPV genetic test can detect the virus in a cervical smear. It can be performed alongside a Pap test. It is recommended in people ages 30 and over.

However, it is generally not used for those in their 20s. That's because most infections in this age group will go away independently.

Anal Pap Test

Unfortunately, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has only approved tests to detect HPV in people with a cervix. However, doctors sometimes perform an anal Pap test in people considered to be at higher risk of anal cancer. These include gay and bisexual men and men who have tested positive for HIV.

Oral Tests

The oral test's usefulness is uncertain at best. That's because testing positive does not indicate HPV persistence. Persistence is the problem—HPV often has to remain present for decades to lead to oral cancer. Therefore, oral HPV testing isn't done. The best way to diagnose an oral HPV infection is through a visual exam by a doctor or dentist.

Prevention

While you can't completely protect yourself against HPV, there are things you can do to reduce your risk. Chief among these is vaccination.

HPV Vaccine

The CDC recommends routine HPV vaccination for all sexes starting at 11 or 12 years old. In addition, it recommends vaccination for everyone through age 26 who is not adequately vaccinated.

If you are entering a new relationship with a partner who has HPV, vaccination remains the primary means of protection against possible transmission of the infection. However, it cannot treat an existing infection. Vaccination works best before exposure to HPV.

Safer Sex Practices

The other way to reduce your risk is to practice safer sex consistently. Safer sex practices include using barrier protection for sexual activity. Barriers include:

• Dental dams: Dental dams can provide added protection if you are practicing oral sex on a vagina (cunnilingus) or anus (anilingus).
• External and internal condoms: For penetrative sex or oral-penile sex (fellatio), you should use an internal or external condom, as appropriate.

It is important to remember that HPV spreads through skin-to-skin contact. Therefore, even if you use external or internal condoms, it is possible to acquire HPV if non-covered skin comes into contact with a lesion (including lesions you may not see).

If genital warts or lesions are present, it is best to avoid sex until they resolve. If you are not entirely sure if the condition has cleared, call your healthcare provider and take extra precautions if you do have sex, such as the use of gloves or finger cots for masturbation, fingering, or fisting.

Summary

HPV is a sexually transmitted virus that infects nearly every unvaccinated sexually active person at some point in their lives. While it can lead to some kinds of cancers, most strains are not high-risk and clear on their own.

The only CDC-recommended HPV test is for people with a cervix. You can limit your chance of infection by getting the HPV vaccine and practicing safer sex with barriers.