ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is the term cardiologists use to describe a classic heart attack. It is one type of myocardial infarction in which a part of the heart muscle (myocardium) has died due to the obstruction of blood supply to the area.

The ST segment refers to the flat section of an electrocardiogram (ECG) reading and represents the interval between jagged heartbeats.

When a person has a heart attack, this segment will no longer be flat but will appear abnormally elevated.

Types and Severity STEMI

STEMI is one of three types of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). ACS occurs when a plaque ruptures from within a coronary artery, causing the partial or complete obstruction of that artery. The obstruction itself is caused when blood clots form around the area of the rupture.

When obstructed, the portion of the heart muscle serviced by that artery will quickly suffer from a lack of oxygen, called ischemia. Chest pains (angina) are often the first signs of this. If the obstruction is extensive enough, some of the heart muscle will begin to die, resulting in myocardial infarction.

We categorize ACS by the level of obstruction and the resulting damage to the heart muscle:

• If the complete obstruction of a coronary artery occurs, resulting in the death of heart muscle tissue, we refer to that as STEMI, the worst form of ACS.

• However, in some cases, the clots will form, dissolve, and re-form during a period of hours or days without causing a fixed obstruction. When this happens, the person may experience on-again-off-again angina even when resting.This type of ACS is called unstable angina.
• In between STEMI and unstable angina is a condition some refer to as a "partial heart attack." This occurs when the obstruction doesn't completely stop the blood flow. While some cell death will occur, other parts of the muscle will survive. The medical term for this is a non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI).

Regardless of how an ACS event is classified, it is still considered a medical emergency since unstable angina and NSTEMI are often early warning signs of a major heart attack.

Symptoms of STEMI

STEMI will typically result in intense pain or pressure in or around the chest, often radiating to the neck, jaw, shoulder, or arm. Profuse sweating, breathlessness, and a profound sense of impending doom also common. At times, the signs may be far less obvious, manifesting with nonspecific or generalized symptoms such as:

• Pain around the shoulder blades, arm, chest, jaw, left arm, or upper abdomen
• A painful sensation described as having a "clenched fist in the chest"
• Discomfort or tightness in the neck or arm
• Indigestion or heartburn
• Nausea and vomiting
• Fatigue or sudden exhaustion
• Shortness of breath
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Increased or irregular heart rate
• Clammy skin 

As a general rule of thumb, anyone at significant risk of a heart attack should pay close attention to any unusual symptom arising from above the waist.

Diagnosis of STEMI

In most cases, the diagnosis of STEMI can be made quickly once the person is under medical care. A review of symptoms, accompanied by the evaluation of the ST segment on the ECG, is usually enough for a doctor to begin treatment.

A review of cardiac enzymes may also help but usually arrives well after acute treatment is started.

It is important to stabilize the person as quickly as possible. In addition to pain and distress, STEMI can cause sudden death due to ventricular fibrillation (a serious disturbance of the heart rhythm) or acute heart failure (when the heart cannot pump enough blood to properly supply the body).

After a heart attack has run its course, the muscle itself may be left with substantial permanent damage. Chronic heart failure is a common consequence of this, as is the increased risk of dangerous cardiac arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats ).

Treatment of STEMI

Treatment must be started the moment STEMI is diagnosed. In addition to administering drugs to stabilize the heart muscle (including morphine, beta blockers, and statin medications), efforts will be made to immediately reopen the blocked artery.

This requires speed. Unless the artery is opened within three hours of the blockage, at least some permanent damage can be expected. Generally speaking, much of the damage can be minimized if the artery is unblocked within the first six hours of an attack. Up until 12 hours, some damage may be averted. After that, the longer it takes to unblock the artery, the more damage there will be. 

There are several approaches to reopening an arterial obstruction:

• Thrombolytic therapy involves the use of clot-busting drugs.
• Angioplasty is the medical term for the surgical repair/reopening of an artery.
• Stenting involves the insertion a mesh tube to reopen the artery.

Once the acute phase of treatment is over and the blocked artery is reopened, there is still a lot that has to be done to stabilize the heart, and to reduce the odds of another heart attack.

This usually involves an extensive period of recovery, including an exercise-based rehabilitation program, dietary changes, and the use of ​anticoagulants (blood thinners) and lipid control medications.

Source:

O'Gara, P.; Kushner, F.; Ascheim, D.; et al. "2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction: Executive Summary: a Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines." Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2013; 61(4):DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.11.018.