Sleep Disorders The 4 Stages of Sleep (NREM and REM Sleep Cycles) By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial process Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on October 31, 2019 Steven Gans, MD, is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on October 31, 2019 Print Table of Contents View All Entering Sleep NREM Stage 1 NREM Stage 2 NREM Stage 3 REM Sleep Sequence of Sleep Stages You've probably heard that you progress through a series of stages as you sleep, but what exactly does that mean? Sleep is sleep, right? In reality, there is still a lot going on inside your head while you're in a slumber, and it is the activity in your brain that marks these different sleep stages. It was the electroencephalograph (EEG) invention that allowed scientists to study sleep in ways that were not previously possible. During the 1950s, a graduate student named Eugene Aserinsky used this tool to discover what is known today as REM sleep. Further studies of human sleep have demonstrated that sleep progresses through a series of stages in which different brain wave patterns are displayed. Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell There are two main types of sleep: Non-rapid eye movement (NREM), also known as quiet sleepRapid eye movement (REM), also known as active sleep or paradoxical sleep What It's Like to Have an Electroencephalogram (EEG) Entering Sleep During the earliest phases of sleep, you are still relatively awake and alert. The brain produces what are known as beta waves, which are small and fast. As the brain begins to relax and slow down, slower waves known as alpha waves are produced. During this time when you are not quite asleep, you may experience strange and extremely vivid sensations known as hypnagogic hallucinations. Common examples of this phenomenon include feeling like you are falling or hearing someone call your name. Another very common event during this period is known as a myoclonic jerk. If you have ever startled suddenly for seemingly no reason at all, then you have experienced this phenomenon. While it might seem unusual, these myoclonic jerks are actually quite common. Previously, experts divided sleep into five different stages. Fairly recently, however, stages 3 and 4 were combined so that there are now three NREM stages and a REM stage of sleep. NREM Stage 1 Stage 1 is the beginning of the sleep cycle and is a relatively light stage of sleep. Stage 1 can be considered a transition period between wakefulness and sleep. In Stage 1, the brain produces high amplitude theta waves, which are very slow brain waves. This period of sleep lasts only a brief time (around five to 10 minutes). If you awaken someone during this stage, they might report that they were not really asleep. NREM Stage 2 Stage 2 is the second stage of sleep and lasts for approximately 20 minutes. During stage 2 sleep: You become less aware of your surroundings.Body temperature drops.Breathing and heart rate become more regular. The brain begins to produce bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity known as sleep spindles. Body temperature starts to decrease and heart rate begins to slow. According to the American Sleep Foundation, people spend approximately 50% of their total sleep in this stage. NREM Stage 3 During stage 3 sleep: Muscles relax.Blood pressure and breathing rate drop.Deepest sleep occurs. This stage was previously divided into stages 3 and 4. Deep, slow brain waves known as delta waves begin to emerge during stage 3 sleep. This stage is also sometimes referred to as delta sleep. During this stage, people become less responsive and noises and activity in the environment may fail to generate a response. It also acts as a transitional period between light sleep and a very deep sleep. Older studies suggested that bed-wetting was most likely to occur during this deep stage of sleep, but some more recent evidence suggests that such bed-wetting can also occur at other stages. Sleepwalking also tends to occur most often during the deep sleep of this stage. REM Sleep During REM sleep: The brain becomes more active.The body becomes relaxed and immobilized.Dreams occur.Eyes move rapidly. Most dreaming occurs during the fourth stage of sleep, known as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. REM sleep is characterized by eye movement, increased respiration rate, and increased brain activity. The American Sleep Foundation suggests that people spend approximately 20% of their total sleep in this stage. REM sleep is also referred to as paradoxical sleep because while the brain and other body systems become more active, muscles become more relaxed. Dreaming occurs due to increased brain activity, but voluntary muscles become immobilized. The Sequence of Sleep Stages It is important to realize that sleep does not progress through these stages in sequence. Sleep begins in stage 1 and progresses into stages 2, and 3. After stage 3 sleep, stage 2 sleep is repeated before entering REM sleep. Once REM sleep is over, the body usually returns to stage 2 sleep. Sleep cycles through these stages approximately four or five times throughout the night. On average, we enter the REM stage approximately 90 minutes after falling asleep. The first cycle of REM sleep might last only a short amount of time, but each cycle becomes longer. REM sleep can last up to an hour as sleep progresses. While sleep is often thought of as a passive process, research has shown that the brain is actually quite active during different stages of sleep. Sleep plays an important role in a number of processes, including memory consolidation and brain cleanup. Dreaming Sleep and Sleep Cycles Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! Tossing and turning night over night can have a big impact on your quality of life. Our free guide can help you get the rest you need. Sign up for our newsletter and get it free. Sign Up You're in! Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. There was an error. Please try again. What are your concerns? Other Inaccurate Hard to Understand Submit Article Sources Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. Peever J, Fuller PM. 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Neuroscience, 2nd edition. NCBI Bookshelf. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10996/.