Urological Health Possible Causes of Blood in Urine (Hematuria) By Tracee Cornforth Tracee Cornforth LinkedIn Tracee Cornforth is a freelance writer who covers menstruation, menstrual disorders, and other women's health issues. Learn about our editorial process Updated on September 09, 2021 Medically reviewed Verywell Health articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and healthcare professionals. These medical reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. Learn more. by Matthew Wosnitzer, MD Medically reviewed by Matthew Wosnitzer, MD LinkedIn Twitter Matthew Wosnitzer, MD, is board-certified in urology. He is an attending physician at Yale New Haven Health System, Northeast Medical Group and teaches at the Frank Netter School of Medicine. Learn about our Medical Expert Board Print Table of Contents View All Table of Contents Vaginal Bleeding Medications Certain Foods Low Platelets Urinary Stones Recent Urinary Tract Procedures Urinary Tract Infections Urinary Tract Injury Renal Blood Clots Bleeding Disorders Polycystic Kidney Disease Frequently Asked Questions Finding blood in your urine can be frightening, but you should know that there are many different causes of hematuria (blood in urine), some of which are relatively benign and easily treated. Others may be indicative of a serious medical condition warranting further investigation. Tonic Photo Studios, LLC / Photographer's Choice RF / Getty Images As such, you should never discount blood in urine as being "minor," particularly if it is persistent and accompanied by other symptoms. Having hematuria does not always mean you have an underlying abnormality. It may simply be the result of a minor injury to the urethra (the tube through with urine leaves the body) or a side effect of a drug that needs to be changed. Here are 10 of the most common causes worth considering: Vaginal Bleeding In women, the most common cause of blood in urine is vaginal bleeding, including normal menstrual bleeding. This is rarely a cause for alarm and will eventually normalize without treatment. Although many women are accustomed to seeing a little blood in urine during her period, hematuria that occurs outside of menses should raise a red flag. If vaginal bleeding is the cause of hematuria, your gyencologist will perform tests to determine the underlying cause. Medications Certain drugs, including blood thinners such as warfarin, can lead to blood in the urine. Healthcare providers often prescribe blood thinners if you have a heart or blood vessel disease, or if you have poor blood flow to your brain. Blood thinners reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke by reducing the formation of blood clots in your arteries and veins. You may also take a blood thinner if you have an abnormal heart rhythm, have undergone heart valve surgery, or have congenital heart defects. Finding blood in your urine if you are on blood thinners requires a full hematuria workup. Certain Foods Some foods, such as beets, can cause discoloration of your urine. This red color is the result of unmetabolized pigments in your food that is passed from the kidneys into your urine. As such, the redness in urine is not hematuria but simply a benign discoloration that will eventually normalize. Why Is My Urine Orange? Low Platelets Platelets are the small cells in your body that stick to the wall of a blood vessel following injury. They clump together and prevent bleeding. If you have low platelets in your blood, your ability to form clots and stop bleeding may be impaired. This is called thrombocytopenia. The causes of thrombocytopenia are many and include aplastic anemia, alcohol abuse, viral infections (like chickenpox and Epstein-Barr), liver cirrhosis, leukemia, and iron, folate, or vitamin B-12 deficiency. Urinary Stones Kidney stones and bladder stones are small, hard deposits that develop when minerals in your urine start to crystallize. As they are passed from the body in urine, they can cause extreme pain and bleeding. The urine may be pink or reddish, or the blood may only be visible only with a urine dipstick testing or microscopic examination of the urine. Recent Urinary Tract Procedures There are a number of procedures that exist to check the functioning of the kidneys, the bladder, and your urethra, or to eradicate other health conditions. These include cystoscopy, pyelograms, voiding cystourethrogram, and uteroscopy. One side effect of these procedures can be blood in the urine. Urinary Tract Infections A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial infection that occurs when bacteria invade the urinary tract system and then multiply. UTIs are more common in women and principally affect the bladder and urethra. Bladder infections (cystitis) are usually caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli), a type of bacteria commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract. What Does Cloudy Urine Mean? Urinary Tract Injury The kidneys and the rest of the urinary tract can become injured due to blunt force (such as a motor vehicle crash, a fall, or a sports injury), a penetrating force (such as gunshot or stab wounds), or surgery. Injuries to the urinary tract often occur together with injuries to other organs, especially the abdominal organs. Renal Blood Clots Also known as renal vein thrombosis (RVT), this is a blockage of the renal vein, which carries blood away from the kidney via a blood clot. RVT is not common and can cause severe damage to the kidneys and other life-threatening injuries. Bleeding Disorders Hemophilia is a disorder in which your blood fails to clot normally. If an injury or infection occurs somewhere in the urinary tract, it may cause bleeding that people without hemophilia may be able to control. By contrast, the same infection or injury may result in sustained bleeding and the development of hematuria. Polycystic Kidney Disease Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is an inherited disorder that causes many fluid-filled sacs, called cysts, to form in both kidneys. In addition to blood in urine, symptoms of PKD include high blood pressure, back or side pain, and a swollen abdomen. Should you notice blood in your urine that is not caused by menstrual bleeding, see your healthcare provider as soon as possible for evaluation and diagnosis. Frequently Asked Questions Does blood in my urine mean I should drink more water? Probably not. But if you don't drink enough water, your urine is likely to be dark in color. Persistent dehydration can cause kidney stones and other problems associated with hematuria. Although individual needs vary, a general rule is males need around 13 cups, or 3 liters, of fluid each day and females need 9 cups (2.2 liters). Learn More: Signs of Dehydration Is blood in urine an emergency? It can be, especially if it's accompanied by pain during urination or back or abdominal pain, which can be a sign the blood is due to infection or kidney stones. Err on the side of caution: See your healthcare provider about any blood in your urine you can't identify and head to the ER if you have other symptoms. What is gross hematuria? Blood that is visible in the urine. When blood in urine cannot be seen by the naked eye, it's called microscopic hematuria. It can be detected with a urine test. Both types can indicate an infection or other problem in the urinary tract. What does blood in urine look like? Hematuria that's visible (gross hematuria) can be seen in the toilet bowl and/or on toilet paper. It can range in color from shades of pink or red to tea-colored to dark brown. Clots of blood in urine likely come from the urethra in females, or the urethra or prostate in males. Learn More: What Is Prostatitis? Why do I see blood in my urine after a tough workout? You likely are experiencing post-exertional or exercise-induced hematuria, which affects between 5% and 25% of people who do intense physical activity. Exercise-induced hematuria usually resolves after a day or two, but can last for up to two weeks. If you're seeing blood in your urine for longer than that, see your healthcare provider. What Urine Color and Odor Tell You 8 Sources Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. House AA, Cattran DC. Nephrology: 2. Evaluation of asymptomatic hematuria and proteinuria in adult primary care. CMAJ. 2002;166(3):348-53. Mladenov BS, Mariyanovski V, Hadzhiyska V. Macroscopic hematuria in patients on anticoagulation therapy. Cent European J Urol. 2015;68(3):330-3. doi:10.5173/ceju.2015.658 American Urological Association. Microhematuria AUA/SUFU Guideline. Bolenz C, Schröppel B, Eisenhardt A, Schmitz-dräger BJ, Grimm MO. The Investigation of Hematuria. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2018;115(48):801-807. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2018.0801 National Kidney Foundation. 6 Tips To Be "Water Wise" for Healthy Kidneys. Medline Plus. Blood in urine. University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Hematuria: Blood in the urine. Varma PP, Sengupta P, Nair RK. Post exertional hematuria. Ren Fail. 2014;36(5):701-703. doi:10.3109/0886022X.2014.890011 Additional Reading Medline Plus. Urine - Bloody. By Tracee Cornforth Tracee Cornforth is a freelance writer who covers menstruation, menstrual disorders, and other women's health issues. See Our Editorial Process Meet Our Medical Expert Board Share Feedback Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! What is your feedback? Other Helpful Report an Error Submit