Skin Health Skin Care & Cleansing Products Knowing What Soap Goes on Your Skin Is Important Traditional cleansers may do more harm than good By Heather L. Brannon, MD Heather L. Brannon, MD, is a family practice physician in Mauldin, South Carolina. She has been in practice for over 20 years. Learn about our editorial process Heather L. Brannon, MD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Casey Gallagher, MD on April 06, 2020 Casey Gallagher, MD, is board-certified in dermatology. He is a clinical professor at the University of Colorado in Denver, and co-founder and practicing dermatologist at the Boulder Valley Center for Dermatology in Colorado. His research has been published in the New England Journal of Medicine. Learn about our Medical Review Board Casey Gallagher, MD on April 06, 2020 Print Depending on the types of cleaners you use, washing your face can often cause more harm than good. Much of the problem comes from how we were taught to wash and the feelings we come associate with cleanliness. Michael H / Getty Images In the past, we were often told that good skincare meant having tight skin after a proper wash. By achieving this, we knew for sure that we had stripped off all of the nasty dirt and oils that could block our pores. We then would then follow up by using a good astringent to ensure that no trace of oil or dead skin was left. This routine on paper sound pretty good until, of course, the day the obvious happens: we start to realize our skin is not only tight but dry, itchy, and inflamed. Now is the time to start recalibrating our thinking and to take a good, hard look at how soaps actually affect our skin. How Soap Works Soaps and facial cleansers are designed to remove dirt, sweat sebum, and oils from the skin. They do so with the use of surfactants, chemical agents that surround dirt and oil, dissolving them and making it easier for water to wash them away. They also aid in the skin’s natural exfoliating process by removing dead cells from the epidermis (the outermost layer of skin). Surfactants have many different functions: they act as detergents, wetting agents, foaming agents, conditioning agents, emulsifiers, and solubilizers. In addition to soaps and facial cleansers, surfactants can also be found in lotions, perfume, shampoo, and a multitude of other hair and body products. While the surfactants found in soap are meant to leave the skin feeling fresh and clean, it’s not always the case. Some surfactants have an adverse effect on the outermost layer of the epidermis (called the stratum corneum), causing not only dryness, redness, and irritation but undermining the skin’s natural barrier function. By doing so, toxins, bacteria, and other unhealthy substances are able to penetrate deeper into the skin where they can do long-term harm. 8 Best Soaps for Eczema Reviewed How Soap Affects the Biology of Skin The stratum corneum is made up of layers of dead keratinocytes, or protein cells, that are constantly being shed. Once a single layer of keratinocytes reaches the outermost layer, they become corneocytes. When this happens, the cell loses its nucleus and cytoplasm and becomes hard and dry. Surfactants bind to these proteins and over-hydrate them, causing them to swell. The swelling allows the cleanser ingredients to more easily penetrate into the deeper layers of the skin, where they can interact with nerve endings and the immune system itself, leading to itching and irritation. Moreover, as the water evaporates from the skin, the corneocytes become even drier than ever as the surfactants effectively strip the skin of its natural moisturizing factor (NMF). The stratum corneum also contains lipids that help skin retain moisture. While the exact effect of cleansers on these fat cells is still not fully understood, it is believed that surfactants are able to get in between and disrupt the lipid bilayers. These are the fat cells that surround and provide a protective barrier for all cells. When this happens, the cells can become more permeable and vulnerable to damage. Surfactants can also damage the lipid structures themselves, causing a reduction in the fats within the external skin layers Surfactants are broadly divided into two categories: soap-based surfactants and synthetic, detergent-based surfactants (also known as syndets). Soap-based cleansers have a pH level of around 10, making them more alkaline than syndets (which have a pH of 7 or lower). High pH levels cause irritation by compromising the skin's natural pH of 5.5. 8 Best Soaps for Acne Reviewed Cleansing Tips Choosing the right cleanser for your face shouldn’t be a chore, but it sometimes is. As a rule of thumb, it is usually best to ditch the traditional bar soap, particularly if you have dry or sensitive skin. Liquid facial cleansers and body washes are usually better choices since they tend to have a lower pH and often include moisturizers, called emollients, that can counteract any dryness traditional soaps can cause. Emollient moisturizers contain either occlusives or humectants. Occlusives are oils that reduce water loss and help keep the stratum corneum moist. Humectants increase the amount of water the stratum corneum can hold. One is not better than the other; it's all a matter of personal choice. When washing, avoid hot water and try not to soak the skin for too long a period of time. This only increases dryness by stripping more of the skin's natural moisturizing factor. When finished, always pat your skin dry as opposed to rubbing it vigorously. In the end, the more gently you treat your skin, the more you help it retain its natural softness, resiliency, and moisture. To help retain skin softness and moisture, add a light layer of moisturizing cream or lotion, especially after a hot bath or shower. There are even those with sun protection factor (SPF) if you plan to go outdoors. Does Oily Skin Need a Moisturizer? Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! Sign up for our Health Tip of the Day newsletter, and receive daily tips that will help you live your healthiest life. Sign Up You're in! Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. There was an error. Please try again. What are your concerns? Other Inaccurate Hard to Understand Submit Article Sources Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. Walters RM, Mao G, Gunn ET, Hornby S. Cleansing formulations that respect skin barrier integrity. Dermatol Res Pract. 2012;2012:495917. doi:10.1155/2012/495917 Lemery E, Briançon S, Chevalier Y, et al. Surfactants have multi-fold effects on skin barrier function. Eur J Dermatol. 2015;25(5):424-35. doi:10.1684/ejd.2015.2587 Inami Y, Andoh T, Sasaki A, Kuraishi Y. [Surfactant-induced itching and the involvement of histamine released from keratinocytes]. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2012;132(11):1225-30. doi:10.1248/yakushi.12-00232-3 Kulthanan K, Maneeprasopchoke P, Varothai S, Nuchkull P. The pH of antiseptic cleansers. Asia Pac Allergy. 2014;4(1):32-6. doi:10.5415/apallergy.2014.4.1.32 Additional Reading Walters RM, Mao G, Gunn ET, Hornby S. Cleansing Formulations That Respect Skin Barrier Integrity. Dermatol Res Pract. 2012;2012:495917.