What Triggers Cluster Headaches?

It's common to hear and read about all sorts of migraine triggers in the news and on the internet. Cluster headaches too may have triggers or associations — although the scientific research is very limited.

Similar to migraines, triggers of cluster headaches are individualized and pinpointing your precise ones can be challenging. And sometimes, triggers or associations are simply out of your control — for instance, you cannot change your DNA!

Let's review examples of cluster headache triggers and what you can do to avoid them (if possible):

Potential Cluster Headache Triggers and Links:

Alcohol and cigarette smoking
High altitudes: Flying on planes or trekking mountains
Bright light (including sunlight)
Physical activity
Heat (hot weather, hot baths)
Foods high in nitrites (such as bacon and preserved meats)
Drinking coffee
Nitroglycerin ( a medication used to alleviate chest pain in those with heart disease)
Cocaine
History of Head Trauma
Genetics (Autosomal Dominant Gene in some families*)
Possibly severe emotional distress (one case study**)

Smoking may be the biggest trigger associated with cluster headaches. One study of 374 sufferers of cluster headaches (CH) found that approximately 79% of episodic CH patients smoked and approximately 88% of chronic CH patients smoked.

In this same study, alcohol abuse – more than 10 drinks per day – was reported in 16.2% of episodic and 26.8% of chronic CH patients. Coffee abuse – more than 6 cups a day – was reported in 6.9% of episodic and in 36.6% of chronic CH patients.

What Should I Do?

Remember, associations don't mean that one habit – like smoking or drinking coffee – causes cluster headaches. It's a complicated interaction, and it's more likely that an interplay of multiple triggers, your genes, and your environment makes you prone to cluster attacks.

That being said, if you find that a particular trigger is linked to your cluster headaches, discuss it with your doctor. A habit change or lifestyle modification — like smoking cessation — may be paramount in reducing your headaches.

Also, consider writing a headache diary or e-diary and recording your daily activities like:

meals
sleep hours
any medications or supplements you take
alcohol consumption
smoking habits
coffee drinking
exercise regimen
any change in your daily routine—like taking a vacation or attending a holiday dinner.

Take Home Message

Like migraines, cluster headaches are treated with an integrated approach, including preventive medications and lifestyle modifications. If you do suffer from cluster headaches, be sure to find a good neurologist or headache specialist to help you cope and manage your attacks. You are not alone. Seek guidance and remain proactive in your headache and overall health.